[编辑本段]个人档案

姓名：朱晏 籍贯：山东 滨州 生日：1974年3月31日 星座：白羊座 身高：163CM 体重：44公斤 爱好：唱歌、看书、 喜欢的动物：狗狗及所有可爱的小动物 喜欢的颜色：白色,粉色及所有美丽的颜色 喜欢的愿望：希望心想事成,期望好事成堆,渴望美梦成真

[编辑本段]代表作品

电影： 《英雄郑成功》 饰演：董 芸 《彩恋当空舞》饰演：罗笑眉 电视剧： 《神雕侠侣》 饰演：程 瑛 《少年英雄方世玉》 饰演：孙 晴 《奇人奇案》 饰演：依 媚 《少年张三丰》 饰演：西域红娘 《康熙王朝》 饰演：佟 妃 《倩女幽魂》 饰演：阴月太后/月魔 《石瀑布》饰演：林明珠 《合同爸爸》饰演：岳小丙 《零距离》饰演：潘 薇 《京都警魂》饰演：金格格 《铁警神犬》饰演：刘亚洁 《迷侠》饰演：桂 凤 《风云儿女》饰演：小 宝 《你是我的生命》饰演：周晓霞 《动什么，别动感情》饰演：苏菲菲 《结婚吧，我会更爱你》饰演：陈吟 合作演中：王亚楠 刘琳 《小村纪检官》饰演：白玉兰 《热浪岛》饰演：安妮 《死水微澜》饰演：顾三奶奶 《小鱼儿与花无缺》饰演：慕容淑 合作演员：张卫健 谢霆锋 《绝世双骄》饰演：晓风 《天地传说之鱼美人》饰演：紫嫣 合作演员：徐怀钰 郭晋安 郑嘉颖 《能人冯天贵》饰演：沈秀枝合作演员：潘长江 潘阳

扩展阅读：

1.朱晏全介绍：http://278e4d63.placepictures.com

开放分类：明星，电视剧，影星，女明星，电视连续剧

[我来完善]“朱晏”相关词条：

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< / h3, she and advertising affinity quite by accident. "Very romantic NiHongJie" is the first film, talk about this topic she seemed very excited. "The first movie, I feel very good. Gump is an excellent director, he and I TongDaWei and SunXing, very well. I have played a sentimental single-minded, gentle and individualize girl." After the talk, NiHongJie said: "my contract with the company, a sign of a word, not surprisingly, I would sign with them. As their image spokesperson, every weekend I going to do product promotion activities across the country. But the limitations of advertisement, after 25 years old. I like freedom, like a quiet person, although I was very noisy environment, but can I take leave many beautiful memories. Now I'm contradictions in the future, said the film is." In my life, NiHongJie said: "I was long for family, as in the days of nonlocal will homesick. I like small animals, hobbies, dancing, horseback riding, like detective novels. At the end of the interview, the reporter gave the camera has stood a man, and ask him for help, he readily promised pictures. In this man and NiHongJie left, curiosity reporter asked him about his identity. h3 advertising to create stars > < / h3, star commercials are now more unusual thing, but by advertising and become a star is numbered. A gentle and graceful figure, cheerful personality and youthful vigor in the national advertising NiHongJie rolled in 2001, and become the most popular one of China's top advertising model. NiHongJie, is China's abdominals on advertising and a representative figure of. In television, a day that she smile and gentle and graceful figure and h3 gentle voice let many audiences. She pure beautiful image, conquered site hundreds of fuzhou audience. In advertising, NiHongJie always, but in young reporter interviews, but that “sexy young woman”, is a 24 students this year. JiaoLi, gentle and graceful figure looks NiHongJie is based on a large hotel waiter, presently enrolled in tongji university economic information management specialized grade 3, Originally, she was born in changshu, 166cm tall, June 1978, In April 1999, choose a product advertising model, 19-year-old NiHongJie with friends, go looking himself from numerous beauty, is located on the screen for woman image. Then, when NiHongJie displayed her appearance, also still maintained her mature woman image. He always plays young woman not let a person feel some regret, and NiHongJie smiled and said: “if not filming commercials, I also don’t know oneself are so mature charm side.” h3 to film > and < / h3 into many advertisements NiHongJie girl, after fame in ferrer entered. She has a "very beautiful" figure, and cheerful and youthful vigor, she watched TV companies are granted. Last year, she will join in a public television (the ultimate hang out in the summer), "Not guilty" on TV, she also honed, the acting addiction. Although she is in two plays a leading role, but not with his JiangShan, she can FengYuanZheng big star intercoursed acting, she felt or very lucky. She is also the time for 20 sets of nanjing TV drama female lawyer ". Never accept any professional training NiHongJie film, in front of the camera is no stage fright, aplomb. She is now the biggest wish is to pick a good play, characteristics of the character, but not sure which director, because she thinks everyone is never matured gradually mature. NiHongJie said, she never had professional training and performance for her performance art or unfamiliar, she should also learn from famous. h3 to restricted > < / h3 gradually popular this year NiHongJie popularity, have ChengQian offers such star joined the TV series "story in 2001, the director of" seek to come. h3 NiHongJie > < / h3, she said, I actually like this drama, but time didn't sessions, also have very reluctantly give up what one favours. She also said she has in the third scene talks. This years of big companies often domestic invited her to join them, but she rejected NiHongJie, no and brokerage contract. She said to the new company requires you to be, and often sign 5-7 years, she could not so long time employed by a company, as a free man, want what to do. NiHongJie said that she didn't like to go out, there are few "crazy" behavior. Besides, the study is hiding filming in Shanghai home with my grandma, reading or something. Mention "merchant people eyes" underwear advertising will occur naturally in the advertisement in exercise selfcontrol underwear, graceful and exquisite and delicate matchless beautiful young lady. The lady was NiHongJie, advertising is a nova itself. She succeeded in filming "because" and "underwear advertising merchant YangShengTang flower and capsule" brand advertising, and won the "domestic first underwear advertising model. As a winner, NiHongJie is lucky. But the lucky star have unexpected unusual experiences. Who would have thought that the 24-year-old girls before, was a famous restaurant waiter? not registered in Shanghai h3, “the ugly duckling” > < / NiHongJie h3 born in changshu. Her parents is scheduled from Shanghai, but moved to jiangsu changshu. In order to make NiHongJie accept education better year, she had been returned to Shanghai, and parents living. Grandma No NiHongJie registered in Shanghai, is an introvert. Primary school, because of NiHongJie identity, JieDouSheng is always feel inferior, one often inferiority to hide in the corner of the classroom in reading, never play with my schoolmates. Grandma saw little rainbow clean mind, in her home after school every day after day, ask her what was learned in school, and what the children said. Grandma in the encouragement, NiHongJie gradually becomes lively. In 1994, NiHongJie junior high school graduation, into the Shanghai vocational senior high school, a professional service began to study hotel. Three, the school encourages students to practice on. Is expensive tuition fees and living expenses NiHongJie, then think about seizing working outside. NiHongJie desire is very good, but the job is difficult. Due to the lack of Shanghai hukou, plus NiHongJie graduated from high school and not, therefore, some unit of choose and employ persons think she unstable, don't let her. So, NiHongJie busy about ten days later, still haven't found a job. One day afternoon, NiHongJie bayi saw a film studio in Shanghai hotels recruitment ads in the attendant. Probably because the need, good-looking, mandarin and standard NiHongJie this time, houses, and what is no fee for the hotel receptionist is employed the reception. In the hotel hard dry after a month, NiHongJie received $480 wages. Take these money, she was the first ever meet and proud. The receptionist received a miss, NiHongJie always smiling and careful reception every guest. Soon, she won the praise of the guests. Hotel managers see NiHongJie worked very hard, slowly began to notice her several times, with NiHongJie meet in the hotel and also actively

greeted her. This is a “privilege” let NiHongJie side of some colleagues, including reception of mental shift imbalance. They began to collect NiHongJie up. Day noon check-out, because of too much fuss, guest, NiHongJie forgot to pay the deposit of $600 guests opening receipt. Night shift out of cash, check in when more than 600 yuan. Captain, although know this is NiHongJie in panic in the wrong, but she intentionally don’t utter a word, this money secretly hide. The next day, when the guest to the receptionist check-out, ask for a refund of the deposit, NiHongJie found themselves did not give a guest a receipt. But before, captain and audit didn’t say much for 600 yuan of money? The 600 yuan of money where did it go? NiHongJie suddenly dumbfounded. Though she knew that he was innocent, but who would believe? But NiHongJie of bad luck, up to 600 yuan of money back to the guest. After the guests left, captain draws ruthlessly scolded her, and said, give her money is $600 a lesson. NiHongJie hard to beat a month, results, even without a penny earned. Thought of here, NiHongJie injustice to cry out. Then, a sister heard her cries came to comfort her: “hong jie, fine, I’ll help you ask, perhaps someone hid the money?” On the NiHongJie eldest full of gratitude, but she didn’t believe that money will really was hiding. But after only a day, the elder sister really put the 600 yuan of money back to her. She told NiHongJie said, this matter calculate past, after long yourself in mind. Originally, the elder sister like working in the hotel is long, and experienced a finished thing, NiHongJie after, she knew what the problem is. So, she found the foreman. Captain saw someone doubt on his left a corruption, afraid of reputation, the original money out, also explained that she wanted to scare NiHongJie, money or to her back. After this, NiHongJie work more carefully, for a little wrong again. After 3 months, NiHongJie because the work is earnest, was transferred to the hotel miss when pr pr. The main task is to contact pr some long-term customers with them, they eat, drink, and entertainment. NiHongJie although very not used to such way of working, but not to lose this job, she only force yourself to adapt. Because she often goes back home very late, and her grandmother. Then, as long as NiHongJie back a little bit late, grandma will put her to lambaste a slashing, forcing

her writing. With clients, NiHongJie more deeply realized to the enormous function of knowledge. So, she had to continue their education, higher levels, challenging career idea of stronger. h3 inadvertently became advertising model

have this idea, NiHong work in hotel, white days at night to Shanghai undertook study economic management. She didn’t study for oneself, actually to win new opportunities. One day, NiHongJie are school, class classmate suddenly adjacent to find her, said to find her to take a commercial mineral water. The classmate return she introduces a friend called xia winds of advertising. Summer NiHongJie tell, wind, they have found a good advertisement company, a famous model filming this advertisement, but because this model suddenly fever, so hasty between people couldn’t find the right place. He once and NiHongJie met several times, think NiHongJie image is very pure, just want to let her go JiuChang. Is this a NiHongJie stunned the opportunity. She looks so big, usually just in television appreciate others, have never thought I would be another day fancy to commercials. “You didn’t make a mistake, I never went to what ah?” “Don’t worry, your image will only on television shows a few seconds, there won’t be any problems. Besides, also don’t spend much time, and you can get a lot of reward! Go.” NiHongJie classmate gave her up. NiHongJie, tomorrow is Sunday, staying at home is ok, so they decided to try. Back home, NiHongJie told it to my grandma. Grandma was startled, said filming commercials, not business, do not let her go. But finally giving NiHongJie repeated, NiHongJie agreed to cry. However, my grandma and granddaughter start: take off your clothes AD to shoot! Must be home before 10 o ‘clock at night! The next morning, NiHongJie follow summer to advertising studios winds. To set NiHongJie, know, this is the Shanghai cliff-hanging days will be a shot advertising company YanZhong mineral ads. A site, NiHongJie are arranged into a whopping YanLiHua makeup, NiHongJie saw immediately after say: “you of the face is very small, very delicate, features and when advertising model can.” NiHongJie embarrassed to say. On that day, when winter temperatures below zero has outdoor NiHongJie, but according to the original script demands but only wear a thin dress, cold shiver all over. In order to keep warm, she had to constantly stamp. After that, NiHongJie shooting advertisements, on the first of her face the camera lens was no nervousness, on the contrary, she behaved qingxinziran, unassuming, soon won the director rich sensitivity and staff. After a few days, NiHongJie 600 yuan for the wind, and tell her money, money is 600 yuan 200 yuan, in addition to regular reward is 400 yuan is h3 NiHongJie > < / h3 NiHongJie himself. Summer is charged NiHongJie winds, don't put your telephone to find something casually, he went. What all don't know NiHongJie nodded, however, where does she know that this man is to the summer wind control her. However, NiHongJie did not know where the issue, it took time for advertising got 600 yuan income was incredible. Want to know, but she had hit a month to work to make money! NiHongJie commercial broadcasting before long, YangShengTang hainan in the market for playing, and came to Shanghai for advertising model. Advertising directed at rich sensitivity of cooperation and the NiHongJie, hence, they found the summer wind, let him help NiHongJie contact. Summer wind soon on the NiHongJie, please contact to shoot her. This time, NiHongJie no longer to make grandma worry, just keep grandmother to photograph the AD. The wind, and she was 10, after two meet to meet, but don't worry, the wind with her on nanjing road around the two hours after the rush to shoot. Results NiHongJie rushed to the scene, wait, when he heard of the staff, they say: "this girl hasn't become just two hours late, if she famous that never!" NiHongJie it turned out that summer wind is to take her out in the round, the purpose is to show he can control before the director himself. NiHongJie angrily at the summer, then it winds to director explanation. Grievance Director finally said: "you don't say anything, just relax, you will be successful!" The director said she brought into a whopping. Qiao, this time, she is a YanLiHua makeup NiHongJie see, excitedly say: "see, I say yes, I said, you must do well in this line! How, again so soon we'll cooperate." NiHongJie smiled. Indeed, not accept any performance, as the training NiHongJie makeup, in the camera behave quite easily, produce the effect of advertising is surprisingly good. Soon, people will see on TV that most women taste "flower" advertising. And capsule, In advertising, NiHongJie against the manner, the lady filled, dignified expression, exquisite silk, gentle words… Is the classic. This advertisement broadcasting, not only make many people remember the flowers and capsule ", "and will make people remember the NiHongJie this name. "Flower and capsule" advertising, after her up the phone. Many students call ask her: "television advertising and the flower is you?" Even the old optics is on the fritz grandmother could not help asking her: "small jie, the television how pretty girl like you?" NiHongJie listened to grandma's question, this just after the commercials himself told grandma. But don't believe like grandma again carefully watched several times this advertisement, watching, shook his head, said: "this television than you good-looking girl, how could you?" The excellent performance of NiHongJie YangShengTang very satisfied, advertising, immediately and NiHongJie signed a two-year contract. They asked NiHongJie two years to stop doing other advertising. NiHongJie was also didn't want to shoot, he readily agreed. h3 NiHongJie > < / h3, however, this advertisement is to NiHongJie life brought much inconvenience. Some like her audience to NiHongJie work unit, and specially find hotel to see her, but the unit colleague also said NiHongJie raffish box. In such circumstances, can't hold a NiHongJie really fast. But fortunately, at this time, a young man, gave her great support. Then, NiHongJie a colleague friend came to play, we have revolutionized often hotel, two people knew. NiHongJie &provide CARES, whenever she is unhappy, always accompany her, for she, and give her up. Gradually, NiHongJie fell in love with the boy. &provide from tongji university in Shanghai, architecture, and the NiHongJie understanding, although he has never had sent NiHongJie flower or a love letter, but he always caress the NiHongJie silently. In the help, NiHongJie &provide quitted hotel work, learning implements. Soon, she entered the department of tongji university, economy and become a formal name of college students. While filming commercials, selecting investmentmanagers, seems more and more distant from the NiHongJie. h3 fire! “Idol” advertising star level > < / h3 perhaps is destined to NiHongJie, advertising and have special. She YangShengTang and the contract period, advertising lucky in her favor again aura. Originally, early in 1999 NiHongJie filming "flower" advertising and capsule, Beijing century merchant company's top science care staff would have noticed that this image is extremely affinity girl. After the expiration of the contract, NiHongJie heard merchant company immediately NiHongJie invitation for

merchant underwear image spokesperson. Because school does not arduous, plus the support, NiHongJie then boyfriend and merchant company signed a contract of advertising. NiHongJie filming for the first advertisement merchant, she was wearing sweater, in accordance with the requirements of NiHongJie director, laughing, feel very natural. But when she took the second generation product merchant, advertising photography tents to be scared her. Originally, the merchant’s advertising, she needs to SanDianShi “in” exposure NiHongJie say what also not underwear to try. Hence, we had to persuade her around, saying it just try, if it is not willing to also can change the original plan… NiHongJie giving everyone persuasion, questioningly at dressing room in good underwear, but think of male and female people outside a lot, all flesh creep. Finally, NiHongJie screwed up the courage, reluctantly underwear came out from the dressing room, can see so many pairs of eyes stared at his shoulder, he can hold crying. But cry doesn’t solve problems. NiHongJie clearly, the contract is signed agreement in black and white, also have good advertising, it is not possible. But the NiHongJie finally had to cooperate to finished this very commercials. When the first broadcast on TV the AD, NiHongJie nervously wait for everyone. But she’s surprise, see the ads were consistent exclaimed, “NiHongJie, fancy you on television so beautiful, look!” After watching NiHongJie boyfriend also encouraged her to say: “god! You’re great!” NiHongJie smiled, because she also found that, when a woman with the attitude of standing in front of the masses, casual reveal the self-confidence, is so charming. Interestingly, NiHongJie due on TV show yourself too fire “devil figure”, someone could doubt if she had cosmetic surgery. Once at the scene, NiHongJie do propaganda, an underwear of 40 years old lady to have NiHongJie signature underwear, squint at the along while, and then she smiled gingerly ask her: “young lady, you figure such pas, don’t like someone say… it is done that?” the surgery… NiHongJie head blunt she laughed and then, blinking pair of big eyes not jing not personal say: “elder sister, you look good, I like doing operation?” The confidence of the expression, provoked some fun, watching the head say: “no, absolutely not like like!” h3 NiHongJie > < / h3 NiHongJie with her standard of Oriental female temperament of incisively and vividly explained, "" product, advertisement merchant has achieved great success. Until now, the merchant that ZhouFeng general manager of the company NiHongJie the mention of choosing advertising model, is the satisfied. Now, with the merchant of NiHongJie, advertising that the image has been more acceptable. As long as NiHongJie go out, they often someone curiously to NiHongJie said: "you grow really like an advertisement star." Every time I listened to the words of this NiHongJie and laughed. But she still quietly answered: "what you said is true? I like who?" These words often let others thought is the wrong person. Of course, NiHong method has become the object, what track advertiser sanitary napkin, warm underwear, cosmetic products for the women NiHongJie. NiHongJie although can use them to make a lot of money, but don't let destruction of pure NiHongJie himself very not easy to set up the mess up, never healthy image ads. NiHongJie "distinguished" to enter the acting, so far, has successively landed two public television, film for the ultimate unsolved, the summer and spectators, But another part, is now being filmed the nanjing defense on innocent. In the NiHongJie defense on innocent as a lawyer. She said she is now the biggest ideal, is to be a star! Of course, this road is not smooth, but she would have been constantly striving. "So, by inside and outside of the capsules." A widespread advertisement to a new faces in the audience in mind – NiHongJie dor, the first lady capsule, tongji university, economic information management specialized seniors. Yesterday, she was a guest to the family and the studio channels depending on the recording. Shanghai girl from the start, NiHongJie admitted to chronicle of tongji university, and never thought she would into acting. But from 19 years after the first advertisement took her life was totally changed. The hand cream AD, underwear, advertising, plus the TV, she started to have no time doing a white-collar dream initially. And NiHongJie chat of time, she said in this most unforgettable years when I started out or rumors of events, but now she has to face: "someone said I am boy, someone said I am a man, and I was simply said Thailand freak." But why would spread rumors, she said: "I don't know, because I was not the original advertisements, dubbing voice

sound is hoarse. There may be I wear the silk in trouble because of my neck, director in when they said, let my camera space and get something to wear, props for half a day over a scarf. So, some media say me wearing scarf is to make them too, we will be made.” “The more interesting is, should have a doctor, said he stepped forward to help me do the surgery, so when I was 16.” NiHongJie now remembers that day, describe yourself at that time is “no”, “said I am kind, began to feel quite interesting. But others said, also pretty much gas, then to explain. Later, also used, lazy explains. Anyway, then spread rumors are met, anyway I never doubted my men are changed.” And many other people not to admit they have abandoned boyfriend, on the contrary, when NiHongJie do programs were always accompanied by a man, this is no exception. She comfortable admitted: “he is my boyfriend, Shanghai, older than I was seven years old, graduated from tongji university, but also learn the building.” Had two just in time, they feel impossible, but three years past, two personal feelings or very well. “I don’t like the handsome boy, I would type widespread.i looking for a honest, for my good boy.” Perhaps it is only NiHongJie the traditional concept that road so long. “My boyfriend now also open to my company, not special favor commercials, he will want me darling, after his company to help, I think I’ll.” Standing on the side NiHongJie boyfriend a bird to taste, she will be filled with boyfriend dia, said: “I’m thirsty, want a drink” >,

and < / h3 sipping water, enjoying my boyfriend. Love h3 Beijing Olympic torch relay WuHanZhan

31 May 2008, as the first 136 rods torchbearers, NiHongJie for the torch relay in wuhan. On May 31, NiHongJie in wuhan with identity of the Olympic torch relay in the June 1 children’s day, when the NiHongJie, hoping to take the Olympic torch relay this sacred and special way, appealed for more people give love help children to cheer up, so that they can live happily. Wuhan people’s enthusiasm, deep infection NiHongJie because torchbearers prior to get designated location, so on May 31 NiHongJie 4am just started early, she thought this street, but few pedestrians should make her unexpected is, at four o ‘clock in the streets are packed in wuhan, a boisterous, originally many wuhan people without sleep all night for the first time, is to see the Olympic torch relay, the scene NiHongJie feel very touched, wuhan people’s enthusiasm far exceeded her imagination. The relay route, the people on both sides of the chorus of shouted: “China refuels! Sichuan!” People waving flags, a lot of people can not help but tears, the fire deeply infected NiHongJie, she said his heart has been beating the in this very moment, people use them, wuhan practical action to let her understand what is called the cohesion of the Chinese people. The torch handover salute episode, the rush to love, love NiHongJie disaster in offering the torch handover, an episode in the moment of transition, NiHongJie, unexpectedly to her next rods torchbearers shaw gave a loss, shaw salute literary is a policeman, this NiHongJie explained on May 30, see xiao, his literary mind suddenly emerged in front of aseismatic fight, armed police officers and soldiers of the people’s police, they fought tenaciously, to save a life time and competition, give her touchable mutual-help deeds left deep impression in the torch handover of that a moment, too much emotional pouring into the heart, so she solemnly literary shaw gave a salute, want to express in front of the disaster, military might not be standard, it contains the most sincere feelings. And on the day NiHongJie personal contribution, recording the public towards love song “has been successfully completed, NiHongJie in heart will have silently on May 31, the rush to love” as the starting date, to commemorate the significance of his time. But in recent running angel fund and CCTV will cooperate a children’s television actor selection activities, the public towards love song “also introduced with the audience. Biggest wish: let the children of LiuYiJie filled with love NiHongJie May 31 in the Olympic torch relay activities in the identity, it is children’s day, NiHongJie said before that she is very happy, the torch relay become more meaningful, because he also is the China Red Cross foundation running angel fund, the image spokesperson for the wenchuan earthquake, running angel fund in recently launched “12 wenchuan earthquake” gu incomplete children emergency relief activities, for disabled children raised more than 700 million donation. NiHongJie said the Olympic torch relay will be carrying children hope in running, hope children can see yourself on TV the Olympic torch run up the situation, and thus inspired. In LiuYiJie approaching to the disaster area, NiHongJie also send a holiday greeting, wish them a happy children’s day, and encourage them to overcome the disaster and grow healthily.

[编辑本段]个人作品

电视作品

2002年 《终极悬案》饰：程萌萌

倪虹洁

2004年 《香樟树》 饰：徐影 2004年 《英雄有约》 饰： 王楠 2004年 《爸爸叫红旗》饰： 许文英 2004年 《无罪辩护》(《女律师》) 饰：宁岚 2004年 《红顶商人胡雪岩》 饰 芙蓉 2004年 《圈内圈外》 饰： 程素素 2005年 《长恨歌》 饰： 玛丽 2005年 《四合院》(《非常平静的日子》) 饰： 冷梅 2006年 《武林外传》 饰： 祝无双 2006年 《玫瑰绽放的年代》 饰： 邱柳北 2007年 《家和万事兴之抬头见喜》 饰： 高兴儿 2007年 《房前屋后》 饰： 郭小卓 2008年 《都市六人行》 饰： 倪珊 2008年 《当雪花爱上梅花》 饰： 杜小梅 2008年 《人生百事》 饰： 李娜 2009年 《风雨雕花楼》 饰： 裘媛媛 2009年 《京东三枝花》 饰： 刘水莲 2010年 《风语》 饰：苏丽珍

电影作品

2003年《非常浪漫》 饰： 晶晶 2007年《大话股神》（《今股奇缘》） 饰：小茵 2008年《小胡同大尊严》 饰：马琳 2009年《鸭子的反击》 2010年 电影版《武林外传》饰：祝无双（2010年4月10日在安徽开机，6月10日正式杀青，预计2010年圣诞档上映） 2010年《回马枪》

音乐专辑

《邦女郎》发布时间：2008-7-9 歌曲有： 《邦女郎》 《舍不得把眼睛睁开》 《一天到晚游泳的鱼》 《奔向爱》 《花之恋》

[编辑本段]广告代言

中国红十字会“奔跑天使基金” 公益形象代言人，并被授予“爱心天使”称号。 Hainan YangShengTang flower and capsule merchant’s long power series taste “star shopping plan satisfy BeiFuMei spokesperson” QiXi (spring) nine hetian & # 39; Opal princess taste = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] hairdressing secret

she is known as” girl, “merchant, almost all open newspapers can see her gentle and graceful posture and sweet face. This is the

often happy girl. She never conceal her lucky and contentment, her voice as she smile, melting happy, Let’s listen to feel happy. She really love to laugh, every time she call she is in her smile, laugh, but even voice or carelessly spilled some smile to come, she is really liked, this sunshine as warm and happy beautiful girl! h3 healthy skin should be such

I don’t think the skin white or no spot is good, I feel good skin skin should be clean luster and elasticity of the skin, the skin is good health. my skin h3 h3 > < / I am content with my skin condition of my skin belongs to neuter skin, skin white, but is not very bright, looks very carefully. My skin is a little small fleck, because the sun when shooting, but I don't feel ugly scenes, besides according to need, I will cover it is very natural, not to cover it, I think small freckles are quite special, this also is not everyone some (laughs). what would appear h3 > < / h3 dry skin will sometimes everyday makeup, and stay up something, and sometimes, but this little peeling.

> < / h3 remedial measures to make the face skin moisturizing moist good mood = good skin cheerfulness is the most important, drink water more must be good for skin, but I don't love to drink. My skin is good, because I feel particularly good, that I have experience greatly, the mood is very good, the skin glows, obviously. h3 maintenance h3 at me to maintain skin care is optional, perhaps is the skin condition has been very good. On the basic of nursing and cleaning steps, daily thoroughly clean is indispensable, and then is contractive pore of toner (non-alcoholic), eye cream, cream, the whole process of I/cold with warm water, I can’t stand it. I do not like other people will face regularly do, I completely according to your skin condition to decide when to do, what kind of face, clean the skin, protect wet moist or of what is a feeling of the situation. with good health “h3 > < / h3," I have a problem, something I ate two consecutive will feel disgusted, so must change the sample to eat, I do not picky, not love to eat Fried foods and besides, my sweet eat all meat or fish, so few fixed what to eat or make a recipe, I ate a lot of, is to eat meal, much more. Eat a little time to eat satisfied, because so many, so they separate eating a few times. h3 NiHongJie > <

love really spicy h3 special love to eat spicy, although some spicy food. Whenever I eat before special particularly happy. Of course when eating more happy (laughs), but not often eat, oneself also know restraint, but time is long, the skin also solution chan solution to any strong, because many stomach feel uncomfortable. h3, I especially like to drink soup h3 of soup is very picky, so long as has the soup, I can’t soup, is my mother. Drink more is small row stew stewed chicken soup) (ribs chicken stew. Stew ( Some people drink soup is a body to make nutritional supplements, my body is healthy, not specifically what to drink soup to body nutrition, basically is to drink soup I drink. h3 to eat fruit > < / h3 fruit to eat bananas, apples, I almost every day to eat them. I don't like to eat fruit. But an apple or to eat, because the nutrition is quite comprehensive, so every time eating apples, will be cut into pieces, dip in salad dressing can eat an apple, if you don't eat my part can only eat an apple. vitamin should eat h3 > < / h3, take food does not have to vitamin supplement, I really don't like to eat these tablets, but the family always staring at me. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] > < / h2 maintain figure, I often go to the gym twice a week to keep practicing yoga, if do not exercise time at home, actually I practise slants thin, just photos out will appear fat. If I fat, so I'll do special waist in the waist of exercise do, such as sit-ups. Good shape most taboo to eat Fried foods, if meet must KFC fast-food or some words, I'll take it Fried things that it off. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] no pressure because I have good attitude

I think my self adjust ability is good. I will put it before the pressure generated off, so there won’t be any pressure. For example, before the AD, pat merchant in winter, and taking place is very cold, and no air conditioning, I will wear less. Before I will shoot up, how about these days, but soon go and say to yourself, just two days after two days, it is good, can do the things they want to do, you can relax. The shooting, including some roles for, I’d get over it, you are playing your is not you play you to also not you, don’t think too much, too much dispute. I wasn’t born very happy, but I can open, so will than others happy. Before filming will have actor said to me, do you see my classmate who and who, somebody else so famous, such clap to go, we all pay the same effort, why should that be? Just think imbalance. I think it doesn’t matter, this will only make yourself to yourself every day happy, happy heart as well of himself very well, why want to so many, every man has blessed. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] detailed information > < / h2 degree: Big Ben

high school graduate schools and universities nanhu: Shanghai tongji university: institute of economics and management, information management specialized brokerage company: the Beijing jinhui film technology Co., LTD is a 166cm tall weight: 48kg hobbies: see a hairy small animal like reached out his hand and touched the most afraid: flying jack Bauer (cockroach) habit: like the nest that Mimi loves to sleep, play badminton sport: riding, dancing favorite season: spring and autumn favorite food: steady health tips: laugh often

expand reading: 1 NiHongJie baidu’s http://tieba.baidu.com/f? : kw=%C4%DF%BA%E7%BD%E0

2.倪虹洁新浪博客：http://blog.sina.com.cn/nhjblog www.jiongjiongyoushen.com

3.http://hi.baidu.com/jieyuankongjianzhan/album

4.http://tieba.baidu.com/%C4%DF%BA%E7%BD%E0/tupian

5.倪虹洁歌曲mv及歌曲试听：http://tieba.baidu.com/%CE%E4%C1%D6%CD%E2%B4%AB/shipin/vlist/%C4%DF%BA%E7%BD%E0/

开放分类：明星，演员，人物，武林外传，舞林大会

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倪虹洁资料库：热门单曲：1.一天到晚游泳的鱼2.奔向爱3.邦女郎4.舍不得把眼睛睁开5.花之恋所有专辑：1.《邦女郎》更多音乐。]

> < / h3 h3 Inner Mongolia autonomous region NaiManQi tongliao scale-up h2 = “[the] situation edit > < / h2 NaiManQi in Inner Mongolia tongliao southwest margin, horqin sandy land and landform features in general as" nanshan mountain stream sediment, north of six sand. "two plain, For the western mountainous southern 60.0% at 400-600 meters, shallow hills, Central to wind up the sand, North of west liaohe plain river valley, and teach to impact of flat, open. 1636 buy flag, fuxin, liaoning province and south and east and BeiPiaoShi adjacent to the west side, even discussed.coulomb flag with AoHanQi chifeng city, north and wengniute-kulun and KaiLuXian zhonghshan. All things, 68 kilometers wide 140 km, total land area 8137.6 square kilometers (about), including 2,532 million acres of farmland 218 million acres of forest 431 million acres of forest 3.2 million cubic meters, volume, CaiFaLiang 10 million cubic meters. QuanQi over 12 months GaZha hematoxylin-eosin town, 355 village, 12 community residents' committees, population, including agricultural population 4.32 million population risk, Mongolian 16 million million. Poverty alleviation work belongs to the national flag is one of the key (county). = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] administrative divisions NaiManQi > < / h2 eight town, four hematoxylin-eosin: large town, eight immortals wage-earners he cone town, east town, security, YiLongYong town, new town, a town, qinglong tucheng son, huanghua tara, solid day emperor akihito, flowers, WeiLian Sue hematoxylin-eosin, State-owned 6 farms. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] history

neville, Mongolian tribal names of Ming dynasty. Neville mann of the yuan is pretty called. According to the JinShi ersion of language (” neville: eight number also “Mongolian. Qing dynasty set flag. ? NaiManQi rule: great, in his town, eight immortals wage-earners cone town, east town, a dragon mountain, town, too, wood, and ba ga wave, BaiYin he LaSu wood, sand, hao, nai Lin to spend, solid day emperor akihito, diagram, grace, he LaSu flower, tara, chapter, the machine, the machine at qinghe, government, new ZhenXiang zi, ZiXiang tucheng YiLongYong, township, tai township, village, BaiYin safely township, village, pioneer WeiLian Sue township, village, but the ZiXiang south bay bridge, the township, village and township. Victory haot ! In 2000, NaiManQi over 11 town, eight townships, 12 hematoxylin-eosin. According to the data of the fifth population census data, including QuanQi: population (towns) : were 36258 town of his big ooze pat 15119 a cone town 28580 qinglong dongming town 14032 town YiLongYong town public 21968 11785 new town 13480 peace 9837 town 15616 sand victory, the son 13287 town hao to tucheng pioneer township 17757 bridge town 14906 township 15821 tai 9542 township river south bay ZiXiang 11668 BaiYin village 7219 township 15777 haot WeiLian Sue township 13558 the wood is too mountain village 10955 hematoxylin-eosin 356.25 toward the 10144 hematoxylin-eosin tara, chrysanthemum flowers Taiwan hematoxylin-eosin 12792 solid day 9319 hematoxylin-eosin ancient Taiwan hematoxylin-eosin 13802 chapter since he LaSu wood 14173 graph sound of grace 3437 hematoxylin-eosin tara yamen zi 13179 nai Lin 7249 hematoxylin-eosin hematoxylin-eosin emperor akihito hematoxylin-eosin 12251 qinghe hematoxylin-eosin 14334 ba ga wave, and hematoxylin-eosin 353.4bn 4045 township farm virtual 6 September 2001, autonomous regions home office approved agree to set BaiYin tara hematoxylin-eosin towns. So far, he has big QuanQi wage-earners, eight immortals, qinglongshan, dongming tucheng, public security, and sand, hao, YiLongYong, town, peace, prevailed, huanghua tara, BaiYin tara 13 town, BaiYin chang, WeiLian Sue in two townships, Solid day flower, the chapter, ba ga wave, and neville and qinghe, there were six. At the end of 2001, NaiManQi 42.4 million population, including Mongolia, 15.06 million population, han 26.64 odds-35.5% million, 62.8%. ? NaiManQi administrative division, in May 2001, or (2002). According to the data of administrative divisions in Inner Mongolia was compiled code) h3 wage-earners town of his big > < / h3 nahash the first eight committees; 8 – The first, second, third, fourth and fifth, thriving, north old ark, Hal sand baal, north GangZi beam, ha ha, sand, sand sand in west hubei cloth, pond, cold, and ShuangGe root package, the west lake, tower, dry, ever-victorious, northeast, thriving, deron, bridge, and peace, FuXing xinglongzhuang, victory, peace, harvest, wufu hall, liu, mo, gao, the household west road and force south power and strength and the host, daliushu, sand, and WuSu, YaoLe gallant, DianZi, full of caleb, latour, auspicious Taiwan 40 village, In figure hao, earl gave DianZi road, neville Lin tara, alluvial gold GaZha 4. h3 nanbaxian cylinder > < / h3 over the first, second, third, fourth 4 committees, Dawn, red/ha, all day, sea, beads, jian is one way of chagan, bell tube and tube two village, bell bell tower, suffering, cone, tooth tube, the magic dry waste, and Lin, benevolence, horsepower graph, zaha tara, ha), north 100 hing pond, yongxing DianZi, yongxing farm, lixin, ancient, east west ulam chapter, even in chapter ulam DianZi, west and east yamen camp battalion headquarters, good case diagram, four Lin neumann, hubei, MAO's day, HuaTong yellow lid, aobao, east aobao, west village waste 33, A small house, old day neumann lattice of Taiwan, the ancient site map, grace, tara, BeiTu chagan tara, tara, grace, tara, forehead, ulam were ulam his forehead, north, tuen mun, PE and cried and car, TaiPingZhuang, service, force, door, o di ji, sand, hao, wooden platform to DianZi, fang, wood and stone, stone, the awn miscanthus ZhaGanBai temple, the GaZha 21. over zi, qinglongshan, strength, stick all after aobao, straw, sand beam, home, and this temple, bay, YingGe mountain, politician, depression, cloth case diagram, xiangyang, 41, QingShuiTang, 2 ZhangZi, mutual benefit, the monk zi, big, trinity, force ranch, gao han shan, room, town, lie, west longquan springs of water and sand figure 29 village.

over the h3, dongming dongming one second village, dongming suffering, dongming four village, east village, one in five yongsheng yongsheng, two village, the village of suffering, four yongsheng yongsheng, dongsheng, east tower, south tower, the south tower, west tower, five north tower, Sue, Sue, glen, glen, just two village, Sue, glen, glen suffering, Sue, Sue, four village village, and five lattice, east tower, tooth, dong da John tube, north, and large, flowers, ChaoLu diagram, the home of John, west, south north neville neville, window RongSheng salad, and the figure,,, too, haot scharner gave tara auspicious 38 village. over 100 h3, tuen mun, no.2, music, 6, 7, no.3, tuen mun, new households yongle, small 100 hing figure 9 village, Mang, HuLa west, and in sabah, in chagan, latour, full of HuLa, east, Taiwan, kiln zi, victory temple, white figure, o RenYi camp, and 11 GaZha. over the h3, west YiLongYong hillslopes above tung, liang, big circle, XieJu ditch, car, small DongGou camp, DongGou, west, south, five, FangGuYing camp beam, and the three GuJie FangYing, and sinus, under the willow tree, east DianZi, hara cover figure, force DianZi, tai, tiger, north and south slope of partial zi zi, ZhuGu partial slope, Lin ZhangZi, ZhuGuWan ZhangZi, tai, ShanWa, hollow, 28 land’s sweeping, 34, farm village.

nahash, dustpan, double son, before after double son, SuMo antibacterium, long valley, tuen mun, gao feng, elm, large and JiGen flowers, MaoRen GouLiang, hillock figure, and cried, and force the tiger, almond, hollow, three righteousness, and the Taiwan dongdaming, cloth, well, son, PaoZi, joint, the hair, ha, flowers, author of cold, 27 village, ShaLi dry figure, and tara, DuGui, cloth, ChuLu figure 5, and GaZha. h3 pingan town

forest land, the new rule of peace, elm, full ChuKe temple, meng’s section, the section, the tree house meng zi, Beijing workshop, MaoDui aobao nine village, ZhaGanHao, depression, and by DianZi takes three GaZha chagan. h3 victory over the h3 > < / GaZha DianZi, gao Ming big power, force, pouches, cannes, gao, brown, chagan JiErRen small JiErRen da da lang lang, ha, white teeth, tuen mun, overcome with 11 village, Ha, the tooth is WuSu 2 GaZha. h3, hao sand to town east > < / h3 nahash, hao, sand, baby, hao xisha, teachings, and high grace, tara, Lin tara, takes the springs of water under the baby, GaZha nine, Ba ga in Iraq, love, MaQin, three subsidiaries, Venus, hangzhou, and PaoZi snakehead temple, Taiwan, I scharner gave force nine village tiger. h3 tucheng > < / son over the h3, beam tucheng dragon, pingdingshan, Raman ZhangZi JiYing, nanotubes, west blacksmith, almond garden, seven subsidiaries, behind the ditch, TangFang, high mountains, and dry diagram, and 13 village. h3 huanghua tara town > < / h3, virania over three GuJie flax, interface, Taiwan, east, Massachusetts, hemp, interface, and neville sinai Lin tara, Lin tara, east of the dry sand, the dry sand, forehead, former ulam in huanghua tara, huanghua tara, huanghua tara, YanHua balak, and before YanHua, before WuSu class, tower, heat WuSu class tower, hao zi chart, Aaron, have cried all honk, bag, ha, ZhaGanDao cloth after Liverpool, ZhaGanDao before MaoDuiYi, cloth, wood, the enterprise DaoLao and mount tabor, and WuSu, aobao, Craig's hometown, forehead, glen, ulam han tara, and MaoHaoRi chagan villages-observe, taboh and GaZha 34, XiTai mountain, west wool cap wood, east MAO, bridge, cover figure one generation, DaoLao west DaoLao generation 2 village, west DaoLao and suffering, new, waist, tao zi, small black cloth, 11 village. h3 BaiYin he > < / h3 nahash the BaiYin him, Bob, BaiXing rush for the day, and cried, and the chart to DianZi wood, wood, AoLe high DianZi wind, and WuSu, south, north road hair Aaron, high hair Aaron, LinHao sinai to LinHao neville, east to Sue cloth, ga 15 village, BaoTun packs, internationl in Benjamin, and hao, long, and in XiaoGao figure, aobao, running, and took people tara, south, pull the full package, when called YaoSi haier, WuHu east tower of benevolence, tooth, waist, WuHu benevolence tower, north, ancient figure 14 GaZha bag. h3 BaiYin village BaiYin > < / h3, over mountains, ZhangZi qiao, masons, ShaoGuo hollow, and west mountain view, etc, the BeiDaYing beam, and the ditch, long after the turtledoves, ZhangZi, wine JuZi, python, stone steles, Yang, before the blacksmith, camphorwood, ditch 20 village. h3 WeiLian Sue township

over DianZi wind down, Raman zi, east of sinai, nanotubes, Raman camp, new temple, WeiLian Sue, am big woods, 50 subsidiaries, tuen mun, west twenty subsidiaries binhong, twenty subsidiaries, dongfeng 13 village. h3 solid day flower hematoxylin-eosin > and < / h3 takes over a diagram, NaHu, tara, old nations in ha, mo, set, and HuLa, east tower agger, tooth, AoLunTao le cover figure, aobao, east ZhaGanChu called Jill, west ZhaGanChu lu, ha ha, diagram, east, and west pearl, dry, MaoRui fudge, Taiwan, east MaoRui force is old curtilage, DianZi, new packs, graph, and gallant figure, ulam bag TaoLe cover, solid, Sue cloth, day, white tara, dry, small achish called, full of GaZha 28. chapter ancient Taiwan hematoxylin-eosin h3 > < / h3 over your destination, the chapter, red sea, ga, chaoyang guru, and the sea LaSu neumann stick tara, kiln, dry and cry, Bernoulli materil, Internet, BeiTu cloth), north LuChi honk WuDa, 15, Taiwan oolong village, GanZhu, BaoTing tower, ha, ha, ha sha force diagram, the graph, cloth, glen, ga, south, north and in chagan in chagan, ba ga, and big big ooze wage-earners, sand, bag, south honk robust GaZha 12 late. nai Lin hematoxylin-eosin h3 > < / h3 nahash, ShuangGe nanowires in east nai Lin, and DianZi, as in Taiwan 5 village, Dun, Sue, small 100 hing figure, the small white, aobao tower is auspicious day, tooth, so achish new households, SaYin called Jill, meng and hao to nine GaZha. h3 emperor akihito hematoxylin-eosin > < / h3 emperor akihito, bo le nahash, BaoDe, dry, Los Angeles, YiTun 100 monks, new households, south and north, perfect, security, tuen mun, three trees / 11 village, BaoDe west, north, dry SaRen o, south SaRen o, high, ga zi,, 5 GaZha. h3 qinghe hematoxylin-eosin > < / h3 nahash qinghe, FuXing, welfare, superior qinfeng, FengSheng, tuen mun, peace, and the wing, sweeping, thriving, south qingfeng 12 village, When the sea, ulam packs, cloth, aobao, drawing force called, chili GaZha 5. Spread h3, and hematoxylin-eosin ba ga wave > < / h3 nahash, Jill, the west bag in the sand, and in Dan, sand, tara, meng and, aobao, Ryan giggs, big and small, Ryan giggs, flowers and DaLai, east bag, Jill, sea shall cry, qa, gold, building 14 GaZha hara. h3 > < / h3 6 farms a ~ 8:8 breakout. NaiManQi 13 counties and townships of 2, 6 hematoxylin-eosin: large town, eight immortals wage-earners he cone town, east town, overcome town, security YiLongYong town, the new town, tara, chrysanthemum, sand, hao to town, a town, qinglong tucheng son, peace BaiYin town, his town, ba ga wave, and hematoxylin-eosin, chapter, the machine solid day, flowers, Japanese nai Lin, qinghe, WeiLian Sue BaiYin township, village, State-owned 6 farms. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] > < / h2 natural geography NaiManQi climate belongs to the north temperate continental monsoon climate. Annual average temperature c – 6.5 degrees. 6.0 Average rainfall 366 mm. An average of about 150 days. The frost-free period Winter, spring wind more than average speed in southwest, 3.6-4.1 meters per second. NaiManQi location advantages. Located in north China, northeast and intersection control center of northeast three provinces and Inner Mongolia, belongs to the western development area, and is within the bohai economic circle and rejuvenating northeast old industrial base of radiation and. 111 national highway, railway traverses the coasts, TongLiao – chifeng siping – from domestic highway, set by three exports, PNG (new high – XiWuQi fuxin takes place and gaea town), now in this railway throughout the implementation stage, Flags seat of government big ooze his town within 180 kilometers TongLiao, chifeng airfields. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] > < / h2 economic development in recent years, in order to make" agriculture "to" accelerate industrial leading "thorough transformation, QuanQi fluctuation in accordance with the" innovation, breakthrough "nanotubes, adhere to the total investment for the core, with the industrial economy, in order to promote industrialization for breakthrough, vigorously develop industrial DaiDongXing county economy, formed the wood processing, animal products processing, mineral exploitation and chemical industry, focus on the cultivation of four pillar cement, chemical, chemical, dye chlor-alkali power energy, animal products processing five industrial cluster, planning and construction of the Raman industrial park, neville neville Raman chemical industrial zone, eight immortals canister, chlorine-soda comprehensive development area, mineral, demonstration of six industrial park. In 2006, QuanQi GDP reached 45.87 billion yuan, a year-on-year growth of GDP per capita is 22%, 10642 yuan RMB mark for the first time, the breakthrough, One, two, three industry respectively 20.32 results billion yuan, complete 14.54 billion and $3 billion yuan to 24:44:32 industries. Revenue growth finish vale million yuan, tax revenue, including 45.6% 1.07 million yuan, income obviously improve the quality. The social investment in fixed assets 15.06 complete billion yuan, up by 25%. Total retail sales of consumer complete 8.58 15.9 billion yuan, up. Urban per capita disposable income per capita net income of farmers, 7518 yuan RMB, 302.9 year-on-year increase 700 yuanhe 409 yuan. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] mineral resources > < / h2 NaiManQi mineral resources, development prospect and enrichment of QuanQi mineral resources are mainly: stone, marble, limestone, potassium feldspar, agate, Granite, basalt, and oil shale and quartzite, female SLATE, kaolin, passionate, offer high-quality bentonite, clay, Architectural sand, silica sand, Gold, silver, lead, zinc, iron and other minerals and fluorite, coal, graphite, gypsum, copper, nickel, molybdenum, arsenic, crystal, mica, zirconium fluorite, soil phosphorus calcite, chalk, etc. Main production YuQing maifan stone LongShanZhen pingdingshan and politician village north and connection of pingdingshan, from big ooze town 50 kilometers, his vision reserves – 2000 tons, 1700 li-containning, strontium, zinc, iodine, bromine etc 18 kinds of trace elements necessary to human body. Because of this stone fine texture, good in other similar ore by state administration of industry and commerce registration of the spirit for the jade stone. At the same time, the only mines beneath a stone mineral water, pure water, pure and simple. Mainly used in medical care, mai drinks water purification, water, health, and feed additive and fish plant weifei. Marble stele NaiManQi in new village, big black reserves 405 million cubic meters. Marble from lower palaeozoic era in silurian-carboniferous petroleum ec stone group under the limestone, regional metamorphism and structural hydrothermal alteration effect. For a grey, grey, green, light kermes, such as color is red, dense clumps and brecciated structure. Can make stone, stone processing facing the plank. The limestone mine in stone town. Long 4.25 kilometers south 0.5-2 kilometers wide wide, on average, area of 4.92 1.17 kilometers km2. Main lithology for sericite green stone schist, shale SLATE, thick layer crystallization, thin layer crystallization limestone, muddy limestone and limestone brecciated limestone, etc. 11 million tons, limestone reserves SLATE reserves 4647 tons of ingredients. The limestone can also produce heavy calcium carbonate and lime, carbide products etc. Main production YuQing potash feldspar LongShanZhen ceramic glaze is near, the raw material, production of geological exploration work and didn't do not reserves. Agate is mainly distributed in the home of a dragon bay and sand Mozart, hao to drink MaChi ditch, were three subsidiaries of cross-strait region NiuHe busy, main production craft and decorations. The main producing area of granite in town, zhang ma ditch masons, and measures of the temple, a qinglong village north politician mountain area, straw. Only the masons, zhang new Massachusetts ditch, reserves of 15 square kilometers, 1994) at the exploration 114 0.8 square kilometers in area, and makes a preliminary survey measurement for 484 million cubic meters, the reserves of the waste material feeding rate than the lowest rate of 32% stipulated by the state, 18% of index by tongliao testing, high quality, testing varieties, production of furniture decorate plank of stone material small granite can also pave the way for building foundation and bridge, etc. In fact, the main producing area basalt, son of the reserves at taoshan 160 million cubic meters above, although the weathering, but can not to produce the plank production rock wool insulating materials and weifei foundry and dressing chute, etc. Oil shale tucheng son from the mother, two big mines. Neville ZhangZi open field (for the production of 12.18 square kilometers layer, field area 5.08 square kilometers. Total ply 516.4 meters. This field is always 69.18 each layer thickness of shale oil shale, which can 62.23 meters thick, oil, oil 37.44% coefficient for 33.68 meters, coefficient of recoverable opu (Tc), the highest 10.290%, general to 5%. The total reserves of autonomous geological survey audits 2.78 million tons. Silica sand is mainly distributed in the central area, Raman ruffle sand along the railway territory, mann 120 kilometers, wide range of 5 kilometers, silica sand about 75%, moderate in 300 million tons of silicone sand reserves. Silica sand into glass arenaceous, casting sand, sand, building female fracturing oil sand, which sold more than stroke, daqing oilfield. Casting sand mainly sold in northeast China, the mechanical casting has been developed with coated sand, around 4,000 tons. Oil shale qinglong JiYing of a female child open field of shale oil shale five layers of 1, 2, 3 for oil layers, pp, through thick 12.18 750 meters long, 6.72% opu, the highest average opu 5.37%. This field, layer thickness shale reserves big, shallow buried, suitable for outdoor exploration. Autonomous 1090.2 tons of geological survey audits. The main production YuQing jadeite quartzite LongShanZhen song mountain and delighted ZiXiang tucheng of east three subsidiaries of nanshan and 2 ZhangZi village. We have made quartzite song mountain detailed work. Reserves 2.25 million tons, containing silicon, low grade 98-95, and can be used for ferrosilicon process, still can produce silica powder used glass and glass add filling materials, also can produce silicon or building baishi. SLATE basically originate in the town, BaiDaShan haidai turned. Detailed geological reserves for 4647 tons. Main ingredients, cement production do light taoli wall materials. Clay is mainly distributed in the factory, the son of tucheng around exploration estimate reserves 189 million tons, ore 2.4 million tons. In addition to production higher.just ceramic products and refractory materials, but also can produce kaolin, papermaking and rubber powder, used to add filling agent production. Peng bentonite is mainly distributed in qinglong a dry ditch kun all the rivers and CunTun around, mainly produce low phosphorus and phosphorus detergent solution, $phosphorus pollution to the environment, also can do petrochemical catalysts, also can produce silica, huoxingbaitu, used in rubber, plastic reinforcing agent, the oil industry and the oil industry decoloring adsorbent. Gold is mainly distributed in the town of tucheng son, king of the battered by a dragon, sunny. Because do not have geological work, and reserves, grade is unknown. In September 1995, twenty to TaZha, exploration chifeng tucheng to qinglong that a child town within 20 kilometers south of gold metallogenic conditions, the better. Offer is mainly distributed in the eastern town of tucheng son Mang along the platform NiuHe chapter, BaiYin village of uzziel stores, etc Mang NiuHe basin. Already found six orebody, 55-210 meters long, thick 0.47-1.6 meters, the cover thickness for 1.1 meters – 2.4 meters, organic nitrogen, phosphorus, 54 0.018%. Mainly for the production of compound fertilizer, acid corrosion value. The flags in high quality clay reserves of the three, one is the son of the sons of tucheng small red clay, 2 son of tucheng town north taoshan green clay, Three is YiLongYong town of yellow clay nahshon son village, town of red clay and peach fruit green clay, two mountains by Beijing institute of building clay refining, chemical calcined conclusion is 400, 500, 600 type-seven silver-class light taoli high-quality raw materials. Small children and taoshan clay vision in million tons more reserves. High quality clay except do toppings and cement production tiles, but also can produce oil drilling of engineering ceramics with grain and wall materials, ceramic tiles are daily ceramics and the necessary materials. Sand is mainly distributed in the southern mountains in the valley, and to the river of avalokitesvara, is the best quality of sand for construction of concrete structures in the high quality raw materials, total reserves had done geological work. Lead, zinc, silver located mainly in the town of tucheng son changling, geological reserves, 5.4 million tons of metal BaiYin also found the phoenix valley village, black mountain area and ZiXiang tucheng of north cold ShangTun northwest groove have lead-zinc metallogenic belt. Iron is a dragon, the town, the son of tucheng about 1000 square kilometers, the total NaiManQi distribution in the near eastwestward southern mountains. The experiment proves, jilin geological survey is useful ore mineral exploration of magnet disseminated extent thicker, easy processing, optional sex is good, the magnet ore dressing indexes higher. Harmful impurities are below iron smelting allow requirements. Examination and approval of the iron reserves in table: 90435 tons grade C reserves, grade D 165061 tons, already mining reserves stone 1 tons. Five subsidiaries in town, copper by copper quartz calcite composition. The surface of cu-hearing quartz veins, length of five calcite, 70-180 meters, pulse width 0.35-2.32 meters. Copper content 0.37-0.89%.both average grade copper metal reserves calculated D 563.69 tons. 63336 tons of copper ore, copper is 0.89%.both the average grade. The gold in five subsidiaries of copper deposits, about 5 kilometers southeast of mining area, 1.3 square kilometers, the thicker than 0.05 meters known copper ore veins were 70, including better, more than 20. Larger scale of 1 veins, control the total length of 400 metres, average thickness of 1 meter, maximum thickness, average grade 0.67% 11.70 meters, the highest grade 3.62% around. Phosphate located in a ditch, the dragon's east, west two paragraphs. 368 meters long, xinfengjin orebody average grade 1.41% ore, the thick on average, 94 meters long 40 meters, more than 200 meters, the surface can be 1.36% average grade. The examination and approval of the future reserve 235 tons. A dragon jia phosphate rock P2O5 content is castles area more than the highest rate was 1.97%, on average, 1.0% 1.52%. Through the experiment, the sample with a roughers.tousegravity-flotation once selected can make ore grade antibiotic added up to improve from 1.94% P2O5, recovery is 91.22%, meet the needs of local industrial phosphate. 13.424 reserves tonnes. Fluorite is mainly distributed in the dragon vein, he vomit a dozen, 10 meters to 1.7 meters length, thickness of 0.3 ~ 1.3. Estimate geological reserves ore 32036 tons, CaF2:4.33 ~ 8.66%, generally for 36.00 80.40% ~. Crude oil reserves preliminarily 1 million tons. = “scale-up h2 [editor this paragraph] water NaiManQi > < / h2, river water. QuanQi has seven rivers. LaoHaHe north, central and west liaohe river, meng is called the southern, can Mang NiuHe, DuGuiHe and LiuHe tributary. The river in the northern and central territory basically not my flag inflow runoff river water, majority is guest average runoff is for 6.7 billion cubic meters. Originated in the southern flag me three rivers runoff is 1.28 average billion cubic meters. QuanQi surface can be used to 7.1 billion cubic meters. NaiManQi were large and medium-sized reservoirs, including three tiger reservoir area for shevchenko forces 37,500 mu for 1.2 billion cubic meters, water-holding capacity, Meng's period of reservoir area is 4 million acres, water-holding capacity for 1.05 million cubic meters. Small reservoirs 21, small fish, but shuitangba 31 million acres of water, fish, neville mann 1,300 tons of red tail carp by west lake water clean and sweet-meated and well-known. NaiManQi groundwater is mainly distributed in the call to river and west liaohe alluvial plain region, aquifer from southwest and northeast gradually thickening, QuanQi groundwater recharge 6.2 billion cubic meters for comprehensive, groundwater can used for 3.6 billion cubic meters. QuanQi 7.45 billion cubic meters of water resources for water, which is 1.2 billion cubic meters of water to 6.2 billion cubic meters of water 5.47 million cubic meters, available. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] agricultural resources > < / h2 wildlife: NaiManQi wild plant resources of various kinds. The famous have MaHuangCao, licorice and PuWei grass. MaHuangCao mainly distributed in north Yorkshire moors sand, area, 50 million acres in 12 million kg, levorotatory content reaches 60%, liquorice QuanQi around, the area of more than 20 million mu, the annual output reaches 60 million kg. PuWei grass is mainly distributed in the major reservoir and low-lying humid zones, annual output reaches WanJin 750. NaiManQi wildlife resources are abundant, there are QuanQi arthropod door, have door, insects and trachea outline of vertebrate animals 555, and animal 136 species of mammals, birds outline of 30 reptile, 75 animal outline of amphibian outline, animals and animal four, 17 kinds of fish outline. The animals have economic value my Lord have Wolf, fox, badger, weasel, rabbits, YiHu, lynx, fallowdeer, iron sparrow, sable, turtle, etc. The state protects the red-crowned crane, birds have, yuanyang, swan. Annual yield of corn, QuanQi around 650 million kg. Annual yield of wheat in 2000 kilograms, 400 million kg, sales QuanQi around. Rice yield 40 million kg, with annual sales of 25 million kg, distributed mainly in the north of qinghe, peace, even as emperor akihito, reed, eight immortals township hematoxylin-eosin Sue, neville, Lin, public security, etc. Are also planting township Annual production of buckwheat 30 million kg, with annual sales of 25 million kg, distributed mainly in the southern mountains of chrysanthemum, town, YiLongYong, qinglongshan, chang, BaiYin tucheng for township. Annual output 1,500 million kg, millet, with annual sales of 800 million kg, distributed mainly in the southern mountains of chrysanthemum, town, YiLongYong, qinglongshan, chang, BaiYin tucheng for township. ZaDou annual yield of 15 million kg, with annual sales of around 1300 million kg, QuanQi. Annual output 3000 million kg oil, with annual sales of 25 million kg, distributed mainly in the southern mountains of chrysanthemum, town, qinglongshan tucheng for township,. Sunflower (take) annual yield of 25 million kg, with annual sales of $23 million kg, distributed mainly in the southern mountains of chrysanthemum, town, qinglongshan tucheng for township,. Forestry resources of 14.5 million hectares, tree in our CaiFaLiang 360 million cubic meters, 10 million cubic meters, distribution in town, chrysanthemum, eight immortals, thriving marshy areas. Shrubs of 6.5 million hectares, distributed mainly in the north, and great town, reed even pat, solid, flowers, security area such as day. In livestock husbandry resources 1.35 million, cattle, QuanQi 16.1 million cycb around. 50 million in hand, the sheep 75.5 cycb has QuanQi million, over. Pig years living in 55 million, QuanQi cycb 66.3 million, over. 50 million, livestock, goose, QuanQi cycb 284 million around. Annual production of ecological resources licorice 150 million kg, distribution of the flag in northern emperor akihito, eight immortals, thriving marshy areas. MaHuangCao average yield 300 million kg, QuanQi are distributed across the southern mountains yield less. PuWei annual yield of 200 thousand kilograms of grass, distribution and teach in LaoHaHe to river. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] history > <

(1) NaiManQi origin NaiManQi > < / h3, from the earliest nanotubes mann said" but rather ". ", "meaning" (8 ". Initial extension by eight grams or sliding and hubei. NaiManQi inhabitants in the qin and han dynasties, there has been formed, and the horde. According to the QingShiGao "account:" Manchester ZaSaKe: a flag of jurisdiction in ZhangWuTai XiFengKou in northeast China, the southwest from Peking. Seven hundred miles. Ancient xianbei, willow. Sui and tang of qidan. DouDuFu Shute. Liao, jin for its north house. As halh according to close by, his brother, nanotubes, yue." The QingShi ", and TaiZu yuan (genghis khan xv of delay) he chechen sweat (delay and nomadic vast north expressway, says its love of yue halh. The TuLu boluo's firstborn, in Ming dynasty by hangzhou love mountain, the vast SNG husbandry LaoHaHe. The second TuLu boluo's secret grams, the son of dense grams, BeiMa soil, the firstborn son figure 2 thanks DuLeng green, SuoBu haidai AoHan yue, The amount of nowitzki's wei to Manchester, for the ministry. Their forehead of dagon's wei ChuKe (also called), said the house and TuLu machine, under the influence of the strongest in the time of chahar (western). The chahaer department chief, Lin sweat aggression by which caused no way, nanotubes, mann. Huang taiji in 1627), (ChuKe rate after all people nor by his deeds, post-jin. Given the grazing xiaohuang river, for the south LaoHaHe confluence. In the east, south, west TuMoTe khorchin AoHan boundary, the north border wong's ox. Ninety miles wide, Mao 220 miles. 43 degrees 15 high arctic. Jingshi east five degrees. ”天聪八年，又明确划定奈曼部界。崇德元年（1636年），依据衮楚克多年的功勋，皇帝赐授之扎萨克多罗达尔汉郡王的爵位，世袭罔替。从此共经十六任郡王，统治奈曼三百余年。

(二）旗札萨克的建立

明朝末期，现奈曼旗地域属蒙古察哈尔汗八鄂托克之一奈曼部封地。部首领、元太祖成吉思汗19世孙额森伟征将此地以所部号，称奈曼（元史作乃蛮）部。后金天聪元年（公元1627年），时任奈曼部首领、额森伟证之子衮楚克（《清实录》记作衮出斯巴图鲁）脱离本宗察哈尔林丹汗，率所部归顺了后金。天聪十年（1636年），皇太极登基，改国号为大清，改元为崇德元年。并将所属外藩蒙古各部划定为“旗”。奈曼部旧牧划作一旗，称札萨克多罗达尔汉郡王游牧。叙前后功绩，封衮楚克为多罗郡王爵位，世袭罔替。从此，便有了奈曼旗之行政区划和军政合一的札萨克体制。奈曼旗被列为外藩蒙古内札萨克旗，直隶于清廷理藩院。顺治初年始有“会盟”制后奈曼旗会盟于昭乌达，为该盟所属旗。钦定“佐领五十额”，即旗下设50个苏木。旗札萨克王府设于章武台，相传为现沙日浩来苏木章古台嘎查。康熙二十五年（1686年），奈曼旗第四任札萨克多罗达尔汉郡王鄂其尔以朝廷旨意，组建奈曼旗札萨克办公机构，启用皇帝所颁印信——奈曼旗札萨克印。旗札萨克设札萨克1人，为一旗之长，综理旗务，监督所属官史，系世袭制；协理（蒙古语称图萨拉克齐）2人或4人。此官吏必由王族内王、贝勒、贝子、公、台吉等贵族中产生。设印务协理和军务协理，也有设旗务协理、记名协理（相当于副协理或候补协理）不同。印务协理（塔玛干图萨拉克齐）为首席协理，可代表札萨克处理旗政，是札萨克之最高辅佐者；管旗章京（蒙古语称加克拉克齐）和管旗副章京各1人。可从旗民中选择有能力、懂公务的人员担任。其职责为秉承札萨克、协理之命办理旗务，为一旗中握有实权的中坚官吏，副职为正职的辅助官员；梅林（也作梅伦），承协理、管旗章京之命办理旗务。设分管旗务的东（左）梅林和分管军务、司法的西（右）梅林各1人。另外设一员负责“秘书室”工作的印务参领（塔玛干扎兰），与左右梅林平级。手下有大笔帖式、笔帖式等作文秘公务的若干人员。这一机构体制一直延续到20世纪30年代。旗以下设扎兰、苏木，即参领、佐领。奈曼旗划分为12个扎兰50个苏木，每个扎兰辖4～5个苏木。奈曼旗尚有以看守王爷、公主坟墓为责的陵寝苏木3个和驿站苏木1个，虽为苏木，但非一级行政区划。扎兰与苏木的长官称扎兰章京和苏木章京。

（三）伪满时的奈曼

康德二年(1935)三月，兴安西省宣布废除旗札萨克制。同时撤销绥东县，县旗合并，重新组建了新的奈曼旗公署。任命苏达那木达尔济为旗长、山守荣治为参事官，下设总务、内务、警务、财务四科。其中除内务科设三个股外，其它均设二个股。旗公署设在八仙筒，第二年秋迁至大沁他拉。 伪旗公署成立后，撤销了原十二个区的建置，重新划为七个区，依次称第一到第七区。其中四区、六区、七区基本由原汉五个区构成，一区、二区、三区和五区则由原七个蒙区构成，改变以往蒙汉分治状态。当时，牌、村为区以下所设的基层单位，全旗共设七十九牌七百四十三个村(即屯)。 康德三年(1936)以后开始实行“暂行街村制度”到康德六年(1939)时，全旗设有七村一街。康德九年(1942年)时，奈曼旗原七村一街又划成八个村，村以下置甲和牌。 康德十年(1943)，再次将八个村东为十四个村。是年十月，伪满政府撤销了兴安南省、兴安西省和兴安东省，新设立兴安总省，省会设在王爷庙(今乌兰浩 特)。这时，奈曼旗隶属于兴安总省直到伪满末。

(四）抗战胜利后的奈曼

1945年， 抗日战争胜利后，奈曼存在着两股对立的政治势力：以奈曼旗末代王爷苏达那木达尔济为首的一方，为维护自己的封建统治地位，紧急追随国民党反动派，与人民为敌;另一方以哈斯通力嘎为代表的蒙古族进步青年，其中包括旺楚克道尔吉，那木云道尔吉等。苏达那木达尔济在1945年9月，主持成立“奈曼旗临时人民自卫委员会”，自任会长。10月，成立奈曼旗保安司令部，苏达那木达尔济又任司令，以阻止八路军进驻奈曼为目的,气焰十分嚣张。为了同封建卫道者及国民党反动派作斗争，哈斯通力嘎等蒙古族进步青年，他们积极、主动与苏联红军和中国共产党取得联系。于8月组织成立迎接团与苏联红军接洽，并派员赴开鲁迎接苏联红军进驻奈曼。乌云遮不住太阳，曙光即将到来，1946年3月初，赵任远受中共辽西省委派遣，赴奈曼工作。3月9日，赵任远在与阿根斯、蔡勇等人详细研究后，决定3月10日凌晨对盘踞在大沁他拉的国民党反动派张念祖部展开巢剿，10日凌晨经过近2个小时的激战，张念祖部除少数侥幸得以逃脱外，其余全被歼灭。在哈斯通力嘎等蒙古族革命青年支持下，赵任远同志在奈曼顺利开展工作，建立党的政权。从此，在奈曼这块土地上，有了共产党的的足迹。 1946年 3月16日，由赵任远的倡导，哈斯通力嘎等革命青年的支持，奈曼旗政府正式成立。哈斯通力嘎任旗长，云戒三（共产党员）任副旗长。同月，秘密成立“中国共产党奈曼旗委员会”–奈曼历史上的第一个共产党组织，对外称“民众运动工作部”(简称民运部)，隶于中共辽西省第五地委(亦称新民中心县委)领导。赵任远任旗委书记兼民运部部长，张建民任组织部部长，梁东明任宣传部部长，王端任旗委秘书。4月，奈曼旗正式确定归新建立的中共辽西省第五地委领导（哲盟地委），6月，中共奈曼旗委隶属于辽吉省五地区领导，奈曼旗政府隶属于辽吉区行政公署哲里木盟领导。旗长仍由哈斯通力嘎担任，副旗长由赵任远担任。9月，中共奈曼旗委员会又划归于中共辽吉省第一地委管辖，政府也随之隶属于辽吉区行政公署第一专员公署领导。同年3月，中共辽西省第五地委从黑山县调革命经验丰富的梁东明、罗云彪、王克等一批党员、干部到奈曼协助赵任远等同志开展革命工作，并在八仙筒设立了奈曼旗北部办事处。5月，云戒三调任黑北工委任书记，赵任远接云戒三职任副旗长。秋天，根据工作的需要，中共辽吉省委又派云戒三返回奈曼任原职。10月，辽吉省委书记陶铸来奈曼，在双河村召开县委书记会议，作了重要指示，决定成立五旗县联合指挥部—哲里木办事处。11月，在大沁他拉镇召开蒙古族青年座谈会，陶铸同志代表党中央，阐述了当时的形势、任务和民族政策，总结了辽吉战场暂时失利的教训。为扭转当时严峻的斗争形势，起到了至关重要的作用。 当时，斗争形势十分严峻，国民党反动派和复古的封建势力相勾结，随时有对革命进行反扑的迹象。5月，衙门营子区中队叛变。8月，浩沁苏木区委书记兼农会主任于德水、武工队长刘俊轩被残匪杀害。国民党反动军队向解放区发动大规模进攻，阜新、通辽等地相继沦陷，奈曼旗十五团三、四连，一连一班和警卫连的少数人在苏达那木达尔济的策动下叛变投敌。9月，国民党军队勾结地方土匪进攻八仙筒，罗云彪在战斗中牺牲，八仙筒失陷。11月，梁洛布等残匪勾结国民党军队进犯八仙筒，围攻奈曼，被新四军独立旅击溃。12月，梁东明率工作队在刘家茶馆（今东明）村筹集军需物资时，被土匪包围，突击时中弹牺牲。这一年，奈曼的革命组织遇到了前所未有的困难，革命成果遭到了敌人严重破坏。在这种严峻的形势下，依据斗争形势发展的需要，1947年1月，中共辽吉省委决定将原辽吉一、五地委合并称第一地委（亦称五地委），在大沁他拉设立了哲盟办事处。2月，地委对奈曼旗委干部进行了调整：赵任远调阜新地区工作，薛光军接任旗委书记，邓野农（田野农）任副书记兼组织部部长。在中央2月1日的“迎接中国革命新高潮”的精神指示下，轰轰烈烈的土改运动开始了。 3月，由于哈斯通力嘎的调离，协儒博僧格（李洪范）兼任代理旗长，6月，协儒博僧格（李洪范）离任，包忠爱接任旗长，9月，包忠爱被正式任命为旗长。11月，中共奈曼旗委员会又隶属于中共辽吉省第五地委（阜新）领导，薛光军调走，巩绍英接任旗委书记职务。奈曼旗政府隶属于辽吉省第五区（阜新）专员领导。这时党的中心任务在搞土改的同时，逐步转向了大力发展生产，扩军支前。这一调整，极大地调动了奈曼人民的革命热情，为辽沈战役胜利做出了巨大的贡献。 1948年8月，巩绍英调离，9月，边亭接任书记，奈曼旗委归回辽北省第五地委（哲里木盟地委）领导政府归辽北省哲里木盟政府管辖。这时党组织由秘密转向公开 ，外地的干部大多撤出，本地成长起来的干部担负起了建设奈曼的革命重担。到年底党员总数达到1293人 ，党支部118个，党的组织空前壮大。12月，包忠爱调盟任职，狄云献接任旗长。 1949年1月，边亭调走，王克暂代理旗委书记，2月任代旗长的敖力玛扎布正式任职为旗长。3月，辽北省委任命王克为奈曼旗委书记。5月，中共奈曼旗委员会隶属于共产党内蒙古工委哲里木地委领导，奈曼旗政府也隶属于内蒙自治区哲里木盟领导。6月，敖力玛扎布离职入学，高勇担任旗长。至此，中国共产党在奈曼的领导地位已经确立，共产党的思想深入人心。党的号召：巩固革命成果，开荒增产，支援前线，提高认识，健全制度，搞好合作社等一系列的政策得到了切实的落实。在这一大好形势下，为了迎接中华人民共和国的成立，10月1日，奈曼旗驻军与全旗各族人民一同，隆重举行了热烈庆祝中华人民共和国成立大会。从此，中国共产党在奈曼这块土地上开始谱写绚丽的华章。

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1.http://www.naimanqi.gov.cn/zjnm.asp

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[= "first" for the editor's characters] : > < / h2 $123), six (BC Biao appointed by emperor huo qu bing, with JiaoWei yao WeiQing strike YuMo xiongnu (south Mongolian plateau in south), the big desert, 800 people annihilates 2028 by sealing, and seal Biao championship ride general. Shou yuan (about two years to Biao 121) on the general. In the spring and summer of hexi occupying army out two rate (hexi corridor and HuangShui basin), annihilates xiongnu area more than 40,000 people. In autumn, LvZhong drop to meet the king, in hsiungnu muddy evil of the confound emergency into xiongnu army vehicle-following came, beheaded confound the situation, stable, and the king to the return rate of more than 40,000 han. Since then, the han dynasty controls the hexi region, the western road. Four years, and every summer WeiQing rate of 50,000 ridden Mongolian plateau desert (local) deserts. After the defeat of ZuoXianWang huo qu bing, 2000, the 56-point thrashing in more than 70,000 people and fighters. Later on, and WeiQing elevation with BingQuan palm. He only flexible, pay attention to the strategy, comfort, fierce determination, we must all victories, emperor wudi trust. Leave the huns, why not destroy "home" the message. Shou yuan (BC) 117 six, 24. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] related events > <

hero >

< / h3 xiongnu was born in a legendary family. He is the slave house WeiShaoEr pingyang princess with small son of HuoZhongRu collectors braided, the small collectors can admit the slave-girl liaisons with the princess, so only to the identity of the illegitimate huo qu bing down. Father couldn't admit bastard, mother and a slave, looks huo qu bing is dead-end, but finally came upon him miracle. About one in huo qu bing has just completed his mother WeiZiFu entered the temple, and soon emperor dubbed lady, second only to the queen. The uncle WeiChangJun WeiQing huo qu bing, and jin for shizhong. The fate of peptide family changed — no one at this time of change destiny is not only WeiQing huo qu bing, change destiny and the years between the han and the YiXing begets whom. LiuChe idead in China's history, the emperor martial quite hold, and the han dynasty, the border instability, often suffer xiongnu people. As the nomads of the huns, almost as a living farming han screw oneself 3 storehouse, everything. Facing this situation, the Great Wall in countries since from qin to fundamentally change, win rarely, qin only hope for YuXiuZhu wall with negative defense and the han dynasty and the amount of PeiJia "and" property for the relative peace. Arguably the emperor wanted to change this situation, but he soon found himself in the side of like-minded people, and he is WeiZiFu WeiQing brother. Light years ($130 years BC), WeiQing worship, and the other three bike ride general part each rate army generals homeless. At this time, the process of invasion army soldiers suffered three road, particularly unusual is that LiAn veteran, was unexpectedly xiongnu capabilities to escape. It is the first fill dispell "ride on a WeiQing slave", running, the enemy of seven sanqiaohotel. WeiQing military genius that impresses emperor, he gains from war, repeatedly. h3 Johnny WeiQing > < / h3 at spurs at the same time, also gradually grew, huo qu bing in uncle, he was under the influence of QiShe skilled, although young, but like other WangSun childe that disdain to stay in the shade of the elders indulgence timbres enjoyment. He is eager to develop service that day. BC: six ($123), south of the desert. At the age of 18, emperor wudi hence huo qu bing volunteered for his comrades. JiaoWei yao piao h3 > < / h3 huo qu bing statues in the battlefield, huo qu bing, a cavity with flesh, and in the light of 800 rangers in the desert for the enemy in the trail of Mercedes, result he "long-distance strikes" tactics, cut, kill enemy 2028 xiongnu shan-yu grandfather, captive shan-yu kingdom and uncle. And who but huo qu bing return. Emperor hanwu immediately dubbed "the title," he was YongGuanSanJun. The game, with such huo qu bing, the effects of han, the most dazzling declared the generation of star Johnny. h3 warlord invincible h3 years BC), the spring in 121 huo qu bing was appointed general Biao ride alone, with ten thousand chosen flared hsiungnu. This is beyond the war. 19 the captain’s expectations, huo qu bing in lightning strikes in the desert Trinidad, played a big beautiful circuitous wars. He fought in the six xiongnu, five tribes, and with the king at LuHou xiongnu fl, king of Syria played a peterborough. In dispose, huo qu bing miserably, more than ten thousand only win three thousand. And LuHou xiongnu losses — is the king of all muddy, folding and killed the prince and xiangguo DouWei, kidnapped, cut the enemy 8960 xiongnu Hugh slaughter, also became the ceremonial gold prize of han army. In this game against fire and blood in han dynasty, nobody questioned the integration ability huo qu bing young army, he became the generation of han army soldier model, the embodiment of militancy. h3 wohu stone in summer > < / h3, emperor decided to retrieve the 56-point thrashing, beyond the battle. Huo qu bing han army dispose of, become the chief, and fighting for LiAn veteran who just as his coordination units. Annoying, cooperate with the sun ao and combat "old" desert run as two years ago, the enterprise in the desert huo qu bing childe lost, not assists. And LiAn veteran SuoBu ZuoXianWang surrounded by huns. Huo qu bing, hence again and again, victory alone. In SuoBu huo qu bing, cut qilian mountain, captured enemy thirty five people and hun hun lures EShi size xiongnu prince, 59, when jehu DouWei general xiangguo totaling over three. After the game, he withdrew to xiongnu to a hill, north of han dynasty recovered hexi plain. Once in the han dynasty, han people as head of countless families in hsiungnu finally also sing out lamentation: "dead me, that I LiuChu qilian mountain FanXi; I don't lose, make me a mountain yan women without color." Since then, JunWei han army, and 19 became more became the huo qu bing that struck the warlords. That is the real thing is huo qu bing deities ", "beyond healing time in autumn. After two games and beyond the huns shan-yu to ruthlessly with the muddy evil king again unlucky, news leaked WangHeXiu evil TuWang muddy after he want to surrender in the han dynasty. Emperor king of the huns know two surrender to give false huo qu bing, healing counties. When the time came through the huo qu bing, as happened in hsiungnu drop of mutiny. Facing this situation, only with thousands of huo qu bing QinBing has burst into the camp, and the king ordered his muddy, ZhuSha mutiny residents. We never guess out of evil spirit in muddy king what. At that moment he completely chance huo qu bing hostage or kill the vengeance, as long as he did not kill him, she will reward him instead. However muddy evil king gave up finally, this danger to himself and fearless young vigour in him. The only god huo qu bing, muddy evil king also curb the huns over 40,000 people, they will continue to expand the mutiny. Healing, and a successful end of hexi today but we can only use software to imagine, the situation of the crisis, blurred the 19 how young standing in the enemy's camp, with just a face a gesture will non-ledger 40,000 LuanBing uniform part, 8,000. The map of han dynasty, many WuWei, zhang ye, jiuquan, dunhuang four counties. Hexi corridor with han dynasty. This is the first time in Chinese history of the face, not only for healing capabilities of harassment by huns of han people, since the han dynasty more elated that man has a strong faith. sealing in Xu h3 Wolf > < / h3 Shou yuan (BC), in order to eliminate 119 hsiungnu, emperor launched an unprecedented scale MoBei "Star Wars". At this moment, have no argument huo qu bing han army became the ace. The ability of huo qu bing, emperor extremely trust, the war of planning, originally arranged huo qu bing, because she play games, the error information into a WeiQing huo qu bing, can't meet his opponent, but for the most part ZuoXianWang met. However this war is completely peak of huo qu bing. In the first MoBei in-depth search process, the huns huo qu bing, came to re 2,000 loss of 15,000, body, and seventy thousand people were captured, and the general lures the huns when jehu DouWei eighty three xiangguo. Is about to meet, "o shan-yu xiongnu dugu losing all huo qu bing, came to this mountain area Mongolian Kent. Here, the temporary pause, the rate for huo qu bing the flocks to the army — ceremonial ritual ceremony in Wolf in XuShan seal, offering to buddhist ceremony held in gu yan mountain. This is a ritual, but also a kind of determination. In Xu after sealing Wolf, huo qu bing, continue to further pursuit of xiongnu, have been hit writing sea (Russia), have to Lake Baikal. Starting from the enterprise, has ended in a Lake Baikal, until almost completely unfamiliar environment along the victory, and this is how the achievement! After the game, "the huns, desert far south WangTing without danger." Huo qu bing, and his "seal, Xu" in wolves in the life of China, a life-long pursuit of dreams. But this year, the only twenty-two huo qu bing. h3 XiaGu sweet smelling death of longitudinal > < / h3 at the completion of this service, huo qu bing also boarded his life Biao riding on the peak: general. But only a two-year, $117 Shou BC), six (24 Biao ride general huo qu bing, died. Focusing JingHuanHou seal. Justice "and" wu and broadly, reveal its overcomes heroic, and serve the territory of expansion. The emperor was very sad death of huo qu bing. He fashioned into military and shophach along changan has to battle baling metallocene cemetery. Huo qu bing, He also ordered the tomb of qilian mountains was finished huo qu bing, reveal the huns expressed his slick. h3 huo qu bing, emperor queen WeiZiFu, uncle is on ChangPing HouWeiQing commander-in-chief. In the way huo qu bing visited, and put his HuoZhongRu stepbrother HuoGuang back to court. HuoGuang later got his ministers, TuoGu be reused, have waste, the officer on the general to the emperor of han pavilion, XuanDi kirin first eleven hero. Huo qu bing, a son of knowledge, word son huo, hedong county shanxi linfen southwest braided (today). Mother did not see history. After the death of huo qu bing, huo marquis knowledge, for incoming champion, shizhong, emperor to love until he grew up with for general, continue the frailty huo qu bing. After death, the yuan huo qu bing six years before sealing reign (110 years), from the emperor knowledge FengChan tai ji “FengChan · book”, one in the car and shizhong alone on mount taishan, when things are forbidden. Its seal.” Shortly after, focusing BaoZu for sorrow. Knowledge may only death huo ji wei ten years, the general Biao ride “” in the first six years, yuan seal, knowledge, focusing cry. No child, hou, except”. No knowledge, huo qu bing, seed, and thus the clique and so HouGuo champion. In addition, the family history records, two people, HuoYun huoshan because of them is MieZu XuanDi han. But also to XuanDi period of political have certain effect. Because of shiji “han”, there are two editions of their life in general has recorded the three views, opinions that are two sons of huo qu bing, a second opinion for the sun per second and third huo qu bing opinion for the sons of huo qu bing, auto huoshan HuoYun for him, and that the huo qu bing, HuoYun are huo qu bing huoshan again to the sun, with the brotherhood HuoYun huoshan divergence, somebody thinks huoshan is HuoYun brother of, also somebody thinks of his brother, HuoYun huoshan is no longer in this etc. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] anecdotes > <

h3 at big dipper huo qu bing, pour >, < / h3 huo qu bing, yan xiongnu pursued a mountain, still refused to give up, continue qilian mountain west, members of arthas: take me back when asked huo qu bing, huo qu bing as momentum to say:" BeiDouXing look down." When can we see BeiDouXing down? Men talk privately selfish. One evening, the army huo qu bing, living in a desolate mountains (legends in the Soviet union, near Moscow). Mountain, have three feet flat, even the camp next village have no place. Huo qu bing ordered all outdoor camping. Midnight, the two guards, looking on the bright blue sky stars said: "BeiDouXing ah! When will BeiDouXing back?" Two guards ostrosky said, holding spears and patrol. They turned to look at the bedside huo qu bing, simultaneously, and see the sleeping huo qu bing BeiDouXing bright sky, walk to arrive together, they crept a whisper to bed before huo qu bing. They made two beds in huo qu bing, hold your breath to sleep in bed gently lifted huo qu bing, then turned shouted: "look! Look!!!!!!!!!!! BeiDouXing reverse BeiDouXing back!" They cry, many soldiers that are not wake up, the soldiers bian authenticity also follow up. Huo qu bing, suddenly listen soldiers are dreams are yelling, "BeiDouXing reverse recoil," sit up, he BeiDouXing drowsy, the direction of a bed, on the contrary, indeed, and ordered to changan arthas: take me.

h3 huo qu bing ChuShaoSun twenty volumes in shiji since the timeline the hou jianyuan BaZhong BuJi: “light when death were proclaiming yue:” elder brother Biao ride general to illness, death, given the meritorious JingHuanHou focusing, princes, with the light to seal WuYangYi 3500 household. “” with the points in the history of the past is the only death. Huo qu bing, 1 it is MoBei at the battle of xiongnu people will die of cattle and sheep in such animals buried in south-north water, therefore has the plague. But here the diet with huo qu bing water, then the plague fell ill, 2 because he killed lee, dare to shield his emperor ShuoFang let he go to town in his head, shelter from the way ShuoFang to die of disease infected, = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] history evaluation >

> > >. Biao ride general > > < / h3 huo qu bing, 2) is fighting skill. Raid The operational strategy is huo qu bing han army tactical ideas of innovation. His combat is deep, surrounded by a circuitous interwoven with quickest speed, complete with practice, to weave xiongnu encirclement, starting from the weakest link in its practice destructive blow. 3) MoBei in battle, with one of the part of the materials to abandon, abnormally feeding on the enemy (only once), which is in MoBei to supplement supplies. Objectively, the maximum production capacity of the strike. Also can solve the han dynasty in hsiungnu to support strength of operational problems. 4) appointment "samurai" huo qu bing xiongnu descent. Feeding on the enemy, including all may surprise he related to these hsiungnu descent. The ancient Chinese with xiongnu nightmare of qin and han dynasties. But after desert south, tattenai, MoBei 3 battle with xiongnu from basic Chinese history finally disappear. The han dynasty northward to desert edge, and took all the hexi corridor and qinghai and xinjiang parts established western. Han Chinese living space of the first large extend, almost took all the edges of two hu hsiungnu area. Later generations to general admiration and huo qu bing, not just for the complex of the young hero sad memory and, more important is the essential content of militancy in the esteem and yearning. So huo qu bing han nationality war battle is playing in the most dramatic victory, he is not only a few times more foreign war victory, a spiritual symbol of the monument, the han nationality, it is encouraging the generation of han nationality), his sons, why not destroy xiongnu "home for!" Countless more let the grandiloquence BenZhang veins temperament man. Because of this, the ancient scholars and huo qu bing become common people scrambling image, general and worship him and his singing love him, since ancient time extend millennium. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] > < / h2 grave huo qu bing han Chinese architecture

h3 barrow. XingPing county, shaanxi province in northeast about 15 kilometers. Huo qu bing (140 ~ 117) hedong pingyang before (shanxi linfen southwest). Officer to Biao ride on general, sealing champions. 18 against has six times, act beyond victory, opened in hexi corridor. Shou yuan (about six years passed, the emperor 117) for the honor of his exploits in northeast China, for its build MAO changling, such as large tomb qilian mountains. FengTu pile up on a stone, stone golem, grave pre-amplifier beast, etc. In 1961 and promulgated by the state council of the People’s Republic of China for the national key units to be protected, and in the tomb built before the museum. In evaluating huo qu bing tomb bottom north-south length, width of 73 what 105. Top 15 meters long from south to north, 8 meters wide, about 25 meters high mound. The tomb stone, for our existing 16 in the earliest extant ShiXiangSheng data. Can ShiXiangSheng identification, including 14 have three pieces of each carved image, there are two biological 17, Different images of 12. A geek, monster eat cattle, sheep, and lie down one beast, pig, spur horse on since then, “ma”, lie on horses and huns wohu, lie, short mouth fish, fish and otters, long mouth bats, left common carving and plain carving. Stone carving, according to a succinct, personality, carved, style, is China’s existing assures the era, the most intact a large stone carving art treasures. Among them, “ma” stepping stone xiongnu grave and the main >

< / h3 1.68 meters high, fine sand for gray, ShiMa carved head, tail long standing under the carved dagger with arrows on the fortune of struggle, it is the most iconic image of the monument. This group is a stone by stone line carve, round and relief carving techniques. Material selection and carving techniques and form, to form, some outstanding expression, portraits. Beast is fierce, horse leaped ahead while watching, cows, like is obedient and different. From the inscription, this batch of stone carving is less common inspection of the house left. Among the graves for ShiMa, ShiXiang golem, ShiHu, etc, to the Chinese stone carving mausoleum, always has a far-reaching influence for the han dynasties tomb stone carving art after the inherited. Huo qu bing has not total original grave stone, the jiajing years because of the earthquake, some are YanMai sometimes. Before 1949 the tomb in the nine pieces, 1957, new found seven pieces. The horse step of xiongnu, high 168 cm granite, 190 centimeters, 117 years about creation B.C.), the western han dynasty (in the northwestern shaanxi XingPing county ChangCun huo qu bing's tomb. The customs general YingShao han person who praise highly of righteousness. HuangFuGui general comments degrees of liao said: "the emperor wu Biao ride to the general, whom huo qu bing, yue:" why not destroy hsiungnu to go home! "at the end of the relatives of all disease, Beowulf, can HongYi section resistance; and customs, whose pure Confucianism alone." negative In the eunuchs specially * relatives eastern han dynasty last years, this kind of YingShao acquisitive desire for relatives are quite contempt, so have relatives of the late YouZi huo qu bing, to have unparalleled workmanship.as tributes. And HuangFuGui was the star of the MingChen debate, and have excellent performance, YingShao have thought as adults whose huo qu bing. The young do related poems of four 10000 dou wine, witnessing xinfeng xianyang ranger how many years. For the king, meet turns is tall horse weeping. Born LinLang eside shi, beginning with the Biao ride war Yang recreation. ShuZhi to edge, vertical division of XiaGu sweet smelling death. A broken two carved arc, can weighs just like riding a thousand capabilities. White attune slants sat in the saddle, gold shot five khan. Han, high end this festivity judicators yuntai concerning exploits. Emperor xuan HouYin given in general, a bright light house page. The soldiers, "wang wei, HengChui poems, white outside bergman discoveres tianjiao hunting wild grass badly burned. MuYun Qi empty when flooding horse, autumn plain good shot. Armor by disabled JiaoWei qiang, break lu at night over general liao. Jade GongZhu Angle, the target will give ms devine said han huo piao yao. "Send a ZhengYi (yuan), enterprise, QiShe dance LinLang plume young wu huang shi. GongYing drunk on full head, the lone open new bought 100 gold. Listen to chicken xiao que hydrophobic star white, yellow willow rural fine autumn starts. The senate, YingMu QingYing ZuoXianWang is born. The curve of six tucked under snow mountain, li mayday spend only cold. Fold in the flute, not smell spring. Xiao war with JinGu, night sleep embrace jade saddle. Under the waist sword to be cut, for loulan. Next day soldier, north to south drink. Hu horse, Gregory, straight from the title for the salvation through great skill. Hold on, xue langurs sand bed head away. What YueShi break, then party when nothing. Steed like the wind, the wi MingBian bridge. Bend, feather on from han tianjiao break. XieXing miscanthus, camp in fog away empty. A reactive, Lin huo piao yao alone. White gold sand, cloud around the dream. That could have sorrow, far remoteness. Fireflies fly autumn window, frost monthly lei-feng late. There XiaoSa, ShaTang destruction. All alone, tears empty self-knowledge. Plug, under the lead by autumn day soldier han. General points, wolong tiger bamboo. With GongYing on edge, hu jian. Frost breeze The young ones, YuGuan mo long jie. War, even as water move deserts. HanHuang press sword, also called general lee. Soldiers gas, two drums of heaven. Across the world, net negative courage lich atmosphere. The AnLing line of the rural FanZhen chu wei yingwu himself, Yao Tiao depressed. Our WanJi hug, double in huo piao yao. The gas clouds help soldiers, PE army rao treasures. YanCheng moving cold Angle, night riding on frost bridge. XiYingHao set up playing, Xiao residents. What column county, counted as low enterprise worship. Feast day, people from dafen rustling horse. Suddenly, such as Beijing, floating dust representation of Los Angeles. Depending on the sword, or return the achievement. After the soldiers of du fu men born five world, and strong when the hou. War, how can have great madame conservative. Recruiting armies to thistle, remain fixed. Buying horses, 100 pieces of gold force. LvLi send me word hug, relatives. In the above, freed wine gray picture into shame. Teenagers don't have a gift, smiling at wugou. At sunset, eastward into YangQiao at camp. MaMing banner fell sunshine, the wind. The pingsha listed, the curtain million saw wu. Zhongtian suspension, strict lonely night moon. The thrill of grief for sound, mighty miserably. JieWen anchor, who are piao yao. The ancients heavy guard, or heavy GaoXun. Lord, start animation hero cruised long clouds. Already a venue, tribes and alone. PiHu occasioned, FenShen yong heard. Disagreements, big strike, collect hu horses. Open ends, the oath to serve our north. Offer kay, following the heel, two sweet static compliance. Yang recreation ground, tambourines blow sheng (Yu. Three turns to hoist japonica, p.316. With the practice, shine and sets of chu hindquarters. Has a beneficial, arrogant ling chung in all. While people, the ap SiLu qu rive. I start doing this, and several. Arrogance will benefit your troubles, insufficient theory. Two years GuMing could spur horse on since then, Lord. Sit quiet state after riding, see HeLuo faint. In the night, but empty way native village. Luckily, poor reputation from old without sons. In view of the feast with bai cheng du those two of three sergeant, and blissful. 100 JiQi selfless surrounding our secret sedentary. Drunk with the parrot, wind refers to the guest phoenix. How come chui section, specially GongZhuang lead. Embroider period forehead to spend 1 pack eaves, waist drum. After the first lady, BaiXi played sword-dance song firewood. Jiang GuYuan tree city, yuntai that lonely. Han frequency, should choose to worship the huo piao yao. "Send" postmodernism DuMu jade chess, countries all ZiWen Chinese catalpa, most appropriate eaves rain, bamboo. We ChunQuan long, dark to shape the wildfire burning potential to pull. Also keep AoBing history, not as zhou zhu envy huo piao yao. FuSheng seventy sons, and more WanRi closed on board. "Send" sing with gynaecol state of HuaChao not pick three pieces with snow in the five huo piao yao. Jun edge after block into beads shoe, I nearly CuiQiao for branch. However, there are ChuYu zhang riverside Liao found no illness. ChangYin far below platform, but the clothes yan incense without pin dyed. & lt, Listen to RongCao & gt; flat Ouyang xiu XiRong negative TianZhu enterprise.the YongFu, solid ZhiShiMo died. The venerable master knowledge is white, the young FuTu fled strong force. The Rong flat with harps, hold to enter for me. I LangMiao insufficient material for weak, and unbearable Shu godot. When something only useless, was only temporary ease and comfort feed and ru rig. What's known RongJing flat by us all, since Confucianism. ZhouXuan June XianYun thinning, HanWu five levy hsiungnu. FangShuZhao tiger is really will WeiQing to disease, sincere trifling. Spurs when filled, xu said later in literature. Life ChangYing jia mu, and to direct please fasten khan. When Richard screening all rev, qu rive has offered the right strategies don't empty. So I played for the ruler to listen, the empty men whew. Push harp for wine, who remains "son can play piano. The XueTingFan in xuancheng – because of Gu young engaged with zhao piao yao, from wild huo LiuQiao degrees. Gold don't look back, yuxi feasting passenger building, horse. Clear atmosphere attune is full of romance and friends' jun. St. Unique to die, old grief later moving empty coping hydrophobic rain ladle. The song song gentleman from miscellaneous, think of all ZiGe li ZhongNa even, green destiny days ni color. By looking in xianyang, robben cliff arctic. Well, surprised million nine qu rive as string. WeiShui qing galaxy, horizontal flow of days. While playing in cultural relics, fill what Xi. Stables horse loose lianshan, willy. Absolutely invigorates Yi, who gao huo shipped yuan lost stretchy. Song ZhongLe time-off, honor to old still force. Short, the aureole filled Ze moved in. Don't scatter east, west of gold; for brightness. No NiuShan for sorrow, with extremely chuang tears chest. "Send away the ShouYang aides, zhang li, TianXian ShouYang TianXian believe the thorns. FuJian 100 wanzhong, remote mountain eight mr.s resistance. Don't build a wall, in the meantime. War, the captains XiongHu if a carefree. ZhangZiYong and Britain, who Can huo less light. Cast hindquarters, purple fine beard will keep yan. Xu's validity, reactive garment jin is us. The enterprise of han wei yingwu himself palaces, including two palace connected. – Chen xia Dan and get infested rain since the oasis in micro. It is still early spring rain in micro, changan your love in swimming. BMW, the next; but to avoid ChiDao jiaqi turn. Your guard, who swam the most difficult than huo. Lord, what can XingYu edge dust. In return, ZhuMen huge arch emperor in nine qu rive me. The tree has tassel, 120 phoenix treasure containing pearl listing. Under the shop was ruled kam Tracy, five cloud incense boshan vomit. Liz chii cabinet feeling wave, Yuan head Chai CuiQiao double. Low Huan drag ChunXue, Diana sleeve back a sorrow Bess. Duck cooked barriers, abandon the wrong 炰 young lambing as folding kwai chung. Both please hou sealing parts, will also attract JinYin award. RongRe huan, but what the bitter day southwest gallop. "Your swim" DuMu toward the back page, young horse grass growing up HuoJi who favor deeply. FuYue old customer, new given herdsmen FengCheng west. General door lock, KaiJin green tree of green jade ladder Leaning Tower. South road pedestrian all boys, MuYun a low. The HanLu send to meet opportunities (in) in late qing JiYu SAO, SAO YuTao are missing. Somehow, when the person tends yan. KouDao twining three complementary, blackberry moss slippery 100. St towards push wei, moving khodorkovsky, immortal, cao. The plug in Fen under "yellow, purple stopper feels military fortresses were build while constructing armoured lie. War drum not neat, the kite is already. YanRan mountain, half is displaced cloud. Who does not stay, huo. The view of the JianNa offer new break lu Qi mofa anonymous old boarding places, ace. Rong Guo southwest to his fur coat, vinyl. Frontier atmosphere have faded, spear of residual halberd blood. Purple road, DanChi happy laughter. Yi, who TangYu paomian than work hard. Huo Together, GengGe QiuRu decade-long WanGuoAn. The army, Leon han not swallow a mountain, Chinese frontier-fortress ShaShuo every year. Stuffed down after blood-sweat horse, cloud zhongheng closed senate. West-to-east thousand miles, the vast, cold water SangHe. Tax collection on edge, hu luochuan in fishery Yang defensibly warriors. How long Xi plume, according to the emperor sword thoughts. Feather practice and mop shining, Lin will fight YuTang out military. Ling shadows, foreign auxiliaries in ancient pavilion are disabled. Night, crossing the river south smell among north sea at dawn banners. Tucked away ShaFei patter, even poor African Qi. XuanMo YunPingChu close, on the west MingDi smell. Michael essien, south of hard through great skill road near death depositon lie. RongYi off with the natives, sweat 単 long is iron horse resorts. Don't send YangYe floor, lotus sword above bleeding. Hun not destroyed, the principle of credit side out okay. See the moon, compares overseas can think don't dream falling. How long can look back, no head over two trees. Spring constant cloud rise to snow, mulberry prophets hu. TianChou LuLong doesn't sell, DouXian thought, YanRan stone. Hui soldiers, and the static north jiaohe region. To make fort to be guiltless qi, is when the neck shan-yu. The young do 3 "lee LinLang plume, RongYi second 18 we waits. Arm eagle, Andy momentum-builder play jade and pong. ChiDao spring breeze, PeiYou; out. Shi long yangxia ChengEn hunt, more shot. Dust MaYing born into YanHang thin, arrow. Dusk over days, Wei imagination into zoar. Yu jian knees, jinbei immediately. MAO changling, swim at night phoenix. Howe collectors, no pain, ask more suspicious. The spring retainer swim accommodation for "li Lin, feather palace, should be listed twelve star. Frost battle, neon continuous roll moon suspended. Night, Strict more healthy, nine adjudicates music. Sunrise is green, opportunities around the saint king. The LinHang plume of new snow, cold meng degrees north strength of ice. Crack Hu, in this day and shoots carves judah cannot. Lin, pian-pian plume kam arm to fly an eagle. Whip swinging fast horse, HuangHeLing out. The dragon boat QiShe hitting shizhong banquet given view of PuYiXiang open capital, kwai enterprise DuanYang every season. Dragon Boat Festival is insufficient, imperial edicts ban on open field. Stadium opened new east garden, a sunny green Sally soft smoke. MaQian million smoke, five cloud incense; advocating standard exhibition. Young GuanJin green feathers Lin, show richly as man face eyebrows. Jin robe, JinAnBao opportunely narrow sleeve, red with new. Go quickly, especially being immediately when hidden horse abdomen. Back in GongJin arrowheads, a carved pieces cut the soft green. Suddenly smell is fabricated life points tents, who will hand the ball. This collection, LiZhu horseshoe cloud dragon born. Don't YingChe, qiao color goal of origin as broken. 剨 ran a lightning strike, and bang bang flat. ZiGuan too thick, affection of an Italy; call envy kua sound. Chuang gold cut drum, said this help lit up without music world. Luan lavatory, expert in YanXi days give 1000 officer Xu pu drunk. Light eloth, xiao waterfront drive beidou honour shao music played NaXun. By following HeXing micro princes, clear, and nearly more grace. A poem to the roc dare, hooray qiangiu praise. The curve of two soldiers, 18, ShuoFang things LinLang plume ft. QingPing XuanJin hub, red rabbit purple silk rein. Today, the desert YanRan nests. WangTing must be far, dun in frontier huo. On the altar, reported in the jade lotus Mr. Han quarter, when close HuJia homeless. Actually, the soldiers took XuanShuo base wave washed. Hugh shan-yu letter, seeks the poor and pseudo please. "White papers" young male virility, candy Lan also therefor. Close to my old, without looking. Don't have not moved, not more than birth. Regard for my horse, ma3 tou2 poor four. WanLiHe foot runs the discrepancy, feet easily. Heart envy, can not only under the strange. "Since the agent, Ann know the elm how teams. According to the Pei not light, which LiShen long suspected. Open to the north side see, arc west-to-east low. Trust is a pervasive longitudinal, who once complex. Pilate also feather down from my guest, Lin vehicle-following. What is known as taking ZiLiZhe, proud. Young without deep, with the leisure XiaoQi. "The song of short of north west door, LinTao crossing. What do you have to drink, MaChangCheng trench. The old Li feather Lin, with yao. Biao huo new Yi long, please. The knife gate army night, A Hui into lu, righteousness for high excitation. Birds, not next autumn gas depression. Lord, sweat blood AnBian slightly armies. Men friends, gives life into heavy. Regardless of life and work, ErCao ACTS. The doors are horses, guest, pian-pian south back to the QinFei moan. Road, not getting encore violations. In a word, and to attract it. Hold hands to stay, and less complex (leaf pei). All the risks and guanzhong rivers. Cloud hu, suddenly lost xiongnu to this. Speculation in north, people more than content from injury. Huo qu bing, can not do without in home. This close to keep, hu Yang city. Soldiers Qin, how to fight between two everywhere. The prince with all quarters, thanks to do men. Things do not make efforts to eliminate, AIDS. Batatas, Throughout the RongDi royal, GanCheng just (leaves). Look at kylin, hero also man-made. The sage of filial piety, "no first 240 huo qu bing, known as the yuan to Joe. Bow, who intends to worship the county collectors general huo. The first and second of Ao west and residual heat huo qu bing, if use. The lotus pond full steam ditch, YeMingZhu Saul. People are lonely, self circle awareness. Heart within, one party apes sleep six window still smile. The poems of twenty-five poetry painting screen rammed down the moon clothing. Silent night wind wave. Jin ShiPing anvil. LianFang pick clubbing waist. Nasty day meet cixin entries qiu – yun. With new. Early summer must. Will send huo piao yao. "General" huo CuiHao enterprise high into the clouds, whose huge living huo general. At night, the way to hold guest from the waterfront. How yi worship Mo yan's hands can be hot, char as ash also breathe fire destroyed. Life is embodied by the eye, rich sometimes. The emperor gave color, there may be self-knowledge. The sons of 骥 孔稚珪 baima, restricted and YunPing array and iron. Han piao yao will, ChiTu hsiungnu. Young fight fierce wrath, hair to levy. The long day, the halberd flow star. Earlier, a fox. Tabor floor vexed later Lu riding four mountains, HuChen li jing. The thrill of vibration, hissing sound trumpet boiling days. Left, right and broken called Korea broke TuBing divorces. Across the table, drink MaHan despiseth desert HaiQing. Gansu tree withered grass and sand is colorless not evergreen. ShiYanRan unto balak, kay. Chang The magistrate, who know me not universally. But, why huge strong hu. Fresh, only for her Old English. The ShuiLongYin step four drunk, MoYun read & lt; preach & gt; "huo qu bing, Unknown portable 800, famous places that yao piao. She EShi all night, name, dun throughout the king. Writing sea Wolf, FengChan ju board, special function. Admire, XiongZiYingFa, three young champion, sealing hou. Read three corporate governance, six slightly rough, longbow, tianshan shoot tiger. Come to the war, and he can WuFengDu. South, not to destroy, died in hsiungnu grim. Then, for the past 3 and 6 army as snake dance! The soldiers, "the NaHu stem not empty, han will Rong coming. The herdsmen, JieShi refers to collect the liaodong. Champions face, ChangPing wing it winds. The tiger falls, clouds of gas embrace sanqiaohotel rainbow. HuYun hundred miles across, poor. Soldiers went down, the awn star on solution bye. Strict diao interest, essien Angle; night naruto bow. The horse, hu frost: PSST cut the plug. Hugh Ming avenue, and waste with daily. She turns to changan mansion,; palace. The general line "unknown men, eighteen AnHuan 18 men and general. WeiJue toward the poor from one side royal strong Wu chase. HuSha MaRui shot JianZu, HuYueZhao people cold knife axe. Kill for farming, white xiongnu skull. Night can put From the days XiaoQi 800 number, insufficient hundred strings. Shoots carves son for general HeYongXi yesterday, today as a decade-long rat. Guo offer MaoGuanJun points out again, Biao about riding. How a cross-sectional EShi xiongnu people receive gold color, such as soil. Take a break in qilian king, six foot xiongnu regenerative focal kettle. In the next Xu more sealing Wolf, no 3 Xi auxiliary. Jean: no, not with all judah to millennium tiger. Have you noticed that metallocene changling, general ShiMa secret you since stepping hu lu. The wu WuLi vibration of door to send in promoting XuHun night from feast drunk, jade cylinder in both a tear. DaoBi anew to carry the tabernacle of the congregation, even a phantasy don't old window accommodation. Mr Ma near autumn, WuFan emplaced purple by month next qingjiang river. YaoRe piao XuChuanShu Xi built three towns, sit at healing. The excellence of baling – Wyoming metallocene huo qu bing han was spoken and smoke, YaoZhiYong piao plug before the champions. PiJianZhiRui judah, yellow will seal hou while young. In the fierce fighters Xu sealing Wolf, Mr. How a rout If this thickening and horse on 20 but deathless my renown xiongnu YanRan ever. "Send ZhangXiuCai of li bai six tigers, shame from food was NuMa group. Keep a JiaoReLong, clouds. YuanLve wiles, save man knows the solution. ZhouSu regardless of judah, JiGuiAn Ken points. Hold sword from tall hall, HuoGuanJun will vote. ChangCe HeLuo Saul unto thy grave, NingQin. Most historic, Charlie tries the cabinet. "And LiCheng topic general lee garden" WuYuanHeng floating snow falls, vaguely discern HuoGuanJun sad cry like birds. A mill cannot return string tube, jade Tiao floor lock clouds pass. "Sunshine" LiYi heart of huang mountain, ZiGe period in the body of the cloud had yellow sunshine. From the book in hair has RongYi sword, more by general huo. The ChenJi poems WuLing taizhou all nations, the ancient name yangzhou domain. Although the market, such as high hardness. Yesterday, today for fish salt for use. Land, by the above situation through great skill. The old man also levy, dismount. Ask Darling, coarsely dentate loitered songxian confess buildings. Huan huan khodorkovsky, light 100 monarch, general. Bergen, a beneficial GaoZhiMi unprejudiced upward. Shi to revenge, not pregnant female first curtilage. People admire home, let TaiXi against surprise. White is the color LvLi, rizhao banners. HaoShou tai xuan, though often also by land. The army LiYao syndrome, fire, ChenSha hold up carved war. Swim, Tibetan armies signs say sweet ride. Biao pool, autumn frost BaiMing too shallow depth. YaoFang piao, please add lse-since unconsciously. The photograph of the lines, quit waka JiaoRan syndrome, YuanRong HuoGuanJun riding out. Han Bing barrage, qiang fire autumn day burn cloud. The ShuCheng edges, Xi plume. The wusun flooding, Ken gu liaoyang unpredicted gentlemen. Han Dan Pei breeze, han army new stations liao. Gentle white supports phonebook, halogen flooding piao yao. War and suffering of reactive armies will not be arrogant and high. Timon: now that blow, rustling air. "In the estuary, music and solid pavilion" xin qiji historic jiangshan, meditate, without looking SunZhongMou hero. Dance, romantic is always ge tais medias, the wind and rain. HangBai unusual setting grass, trees and humanitarian sent slaves lived. Back then, horses, actually WanLiRu tiger. Yuan jia caocao, sealing, win at Xu in Wolf north. Four years, hope of yangzhou, fireworks. Can the state, ancestral temple, a crow clubs. God, By who asked, lian Po old, whether to dinner. The phrase "to the XuXuan huo qu bing han will ChengEn long, gentlemen. Gu Ken And judah did not destroy xiongnu to home. Although potter Ying edict, scale door unexpectedly smell. Ning vexed, old without YanYing to quit. Party b QinLin who ACTS, I tremble. Long, long for 1,000 years ShuaiChen division. The poem with WangTaiWei "yu zhao piao YaoLi big, miles away demon atmosphere. Their horse came to land, carving dish post-war cloud. Gu lei didn't on penetration, che far overgrown points. For edge, unruly thrill of night to smell. Lazy On the first of two baizhang peak toward ascend the baizhang peak, overlooking yan teams. Han lei green destiny, like esau HuTianBai. Yi yesterday, the general huo successive conquests. Not destroyed, xiongnu hanshan ACTS carelessly. Only seen among fly, arms hurt. JinWu light chores, huang end has fainted. The wolves, hu Chan plug against the tide of karma. WuYuan ACTS like popular everywhere and self-esteem. Now, BaiTing road in qingyang door. Towards the city, with insufficient favorable king-subject roots. The soldiers, "the champion in vast, ChangPing wing winds. The tiger falls, clouds of gas embrace sanqiaohotel rainbow. HuYun hundred miles across, poor. Soldiers went down, the awn star on solution bye. Strict diao interest, essien Angle; night naruto bow. The horse, hu frost: PSST cut the plug. Hugh Ming avenue, and waste with daily. She turns to changan mansion,; palace. "White papers" white gold, act's northwest chi. LianPian good-matured JieWen who subsidiaries, beginner. Rumblingly.the tracks to lift, township cities Chui desert. Accommodation, Hu gone.love bing is what bow bolts ragged. Control of the left and right string broken hair on a break. Nao fly upward fielder, scattered over horseshoe. Jiao jie has m& Piao, ape if leopard chi. In many emergency, hu lu for migration. Xi plume from the north, develop horse up dike. After Dao hsiungnu, left GuLing xianbei. The blade, and rejected Wyoming soul encore? Parents and children, what more with his wife? A man (not in private, regardless. Ability to exploit, depending on the dead to suddenly. The northern expedition poems YuXi hug general huo "Mao for the Great Wall, sweat horse. Great Wall, with YunPing terrain risks. Cool autumn and the BaJiuYue, fighters. By night, the vast it themselves. Feather DiaoDou, day and night when cut off. By Yong wield swords, blotting out the lead high continuous. Clouds gather, tuen mun seven six county. Emily fish, "The thrill of shut down to two flutes, jade bell heads. First, since the bone is deceased, hence times. BaChi yumen Hou, huge beginning practice. Having put million bits, reactive made in 100. The last time there, KuiYing humanitarian. Not ChuLe excitation, has poor defence. "Send and sweet HuangFu BaiJian had made" early in life, gold points. Grace huatong foreign, and royal hair sino-korean. From the side, the snow from the standard. Amesh days, Qi empty desert desert, horse. Cold water, with GuanCheng see road wicker. And RongXian war, know – huo piao yao. The handsome prince of wang anshi ur English super light Co., west Kui clamour to shake him. Cut out a chat Zhi oath, beginning at the stretch to breaks. A pill careless or seal letter, thousands of free ride wi bridge to drink. Good service marking the bamboo meal, who teaches empty huo piao yao. The ancient plug of LangYan examination under the cloud, in hsiungnu love lightly. Dispell somehow, sheep and cattle after Qi swallowed. In winter, the yao to deep. Piao War, taking wind reflected days chek. None of the hu ZhaoChongGuo yao, huo piao examination, one will ShuoMo flat. Meat meat, grains of hu hu his bully. Miles away, leave the hu shell. While the wind rustling, YeChu elm. KuGu enemy.the day and night. The general is made, no man has hu. I smell, one rich, Germany is boundless. But one thing which, eight tables, also should make guests and hu. In view of the feast with bai cheng du those two of three sergeant, and blissful. 100 JiQi selfless surrounding our secret sedentary. Drunk with the parrot, wind to guest. Chicken How come chui section, specially GongZhuang lead. Embroider period forehead to spend 1 pack eaves, waist drum. After the first lady, BaiXi played sword-dance song firewood. Jiang GuYuan tree city, yuntai that lonely. Han frequency, should choose to worship the huo piao yao. & lt, These two first ever change in August 2006 and gt, LiangYouYu white grass, daye, khan hunting as quarters for the fire. Sit to toot Di ZhouDian penetration and clay. Keep han, County jie is bitter, city cleaves edge for public turn hard court. Nine lives piao yao will have a solution for the whole newspaper, yan. Hu rode towards flooding in heihe degrees, shoots carves waterfront emperor city is. This day will be more suburbs, and amraphel three complementary when interest. Fill WeiQing halberd of just over WeiJiang overflow, Hollywood and. Han meets performance, may hear hu ping HengChui in song. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] related works: ” desert “dear h2,” Wolf “, “Biao thunderings of br > <

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]]> http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/huo-qu-bing/feed/ 0 studychineseschool http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/third-party-logistics/ http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/third-party-logistics/#comments Tue, 14 Sep 2010 03:01:50 +0000 studychineseschool http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/?p=14834 ]]> [1], the edit > < / h2 basic concept of third-party logistics, English expression for the Third – PartyLogistics 3PL, also referred to as, referred to as "the.tpl, is relative party" shipper and the consignee "second". China is one of the earliest theory research and operational mode of third-party logistics:. Neither belongs to the first party 3PL, also do not belong to the second party, but by the party or with the second party cooperation to provide the professional logistics services, it does not have the goods, not participate in the commodity sale, but providing customers with the contract for the constraint, based on alliances, seriation, personalized information service, the logistics agency. The most common 3PL services include design logistics system, EDI ability, management, goods transportation, choose the carrier, freight forwarders, the customs agent, information management, warehousing, consultation, freight payment of freight negotiations, etc. Due to the industry's general affairs is signed with the enterprise means a certain time of the logistics service contract, so a person as "the contract agreement third-party logistics contractLogistics logistics ()". Third-party logistics internal composition can generally be divided into two categories: the supplier and the foundation assets based suppliers. Based on assets, they have their own supplier of transportation and storage, they usually verily for logistics operation. Instead of asset management companies based suppliers are owned or leased assets, human resources, and advanced logistics management system, management of customer logistics functions. The generalized third-party logistics may be defined as a combination of scale-up. = “h2 [2] this segment editing and basic characteristics of > < / h2 from developed countries logistics, third-party logistics in developing has gradually formed distinct characteristics, outstanding performance in five aspects: (1) the relationship between materialized. First, the third party logistics is through the contract form to regulate the logistics operators and logistics of the relationship between consumer. According to the provisions of the contract logistics operators to provide comprehensive, multi-functional and integrated logistics services to provide all of the contract management and logistics services. Second, third party logistics development of logistics alliance is through the contract to clear the logistics alliance QuanZeLi relationship between participants. (2) personalized service. First, consumers are different in different logistics requirements of logistics service according to the different needs, the third party logistics enterprise image, consumers in the logistics business process, product characteristic, the customer demand characteristics, competition aspects of different request, provides the pertinence of personalized service and logistics value-added services. Secondly, engaged in the third party logistics logistics operators also because of market competition, logistics resources, the influence of the logistics capability of the core business, to develop continuously strengthen provided logistics service individuation and characterization, to enhance logistics market competition ability. (3) function specialization. Third-party logistics is provided professional logistics services. From design, the logistics operation process, logistics technology tools, logistics facilities to logistics management must reflect the specialization and professional level, this is also the needs of the customer, logistics third-party logistics development of basic requirements. Systematic management (4). Third-party logistics should have the function of logistics system, the emergence and development of third-party logistics is the basic requirements, the third party logistics needs to establish a modern management system to meet the basic requirements of operation and development. (5) information network. Information technology is the foundation of third-party logistics development. Logistics service process, the information technology development, promote the information share real-time logistics management, has greatly improved the logistics efficiency and logistics performance. = “scale-up h2 [3] this segment editing, restricting factors

at present, in China restrict the development of the third party logistics is the following aspects: the medium-sized and small enterprises in the national &; quot Little &; quot &; quot Quot; help small & Policy guidance, the restructuring and mechanisms regulating the operation state of the change, the small industrial enterprises and financial policies, the credit of small and medium-sized enterprises, the main measures of reform and development, market competition and social development and changes in the small and medium enterprises will become the external environment factors. But, small industrial enterprises using &; quot long-term Big &; quot &; quot All-round &; quot Production mode and management concept, logistics activities and organizational management present situation, must be closed and division of third-party logistics development, and the important influence of inner is shown as: (1) the idea. Small industrial enterprises generally a single production management, business scope, lack of social integration into the market and the traditional mode, used to transport enterprises, heavy production, storage, difficulty in forming the light of modern logistics management ideas, third-party logistics in concept, is the fundamental factors of third-party logistics development. (2) structure. Small and medium-sized enterprises to the total scale, but the organization and irrational industrial structure, low level, repetitive construction, repeated at considerable industry products supply, structural overcapacity formation, widespread industrial correlativeness degree, low socialization, lack of cooperation, specialization of third-party logistics development is an important factor. (3) technology. Although the information industry to small and medium-sized enterprises into a high-tech, but the resources and technical structure unreasonable, widespread facilities aging, low level of logistics technology, difficult to adapt to the needs of the development of modern logistics, the influence of the third party logistics development is the main factor. (4) management. Most of the medium-sized and small enterprises in the lack of a scientific management system, lack of internal management organization ability in production management in a mess, in the organization operation in disorder. No market research, no prenatal strict cost accounting, During production control, not without marketing strategies. Postpartum no after-sales service, is the basic factors of third-party logistics development. (5) talents. Small and medium-sized enterprises widespread staff quality is low, knowledge and talent shortage constitute unreasonable, lack of innovation ability, is the core factor of third-party logistics development. = “scale-up h2 [4], the edit > < / h2 development strategy based on the current situation of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, the development of the third party logistics strategy should be highlighted the following: (1) resource strategy. Logistics enterprise development, to grasp the third party logistics enterprise management and effective use of resources, mainly displays in: first, accurate understanding and in-depth analysis of enterprise management resources situation, the correct choice of third-party logistics development direction. Secondly, actively explore effective ways of enterprise resource allocation, and promote the development of third-party logistics. Finally, a careful study of the enterprise resources sustainable development issues, to ensure the healthy development of the third party logistics. So small and medium-sized enterprises implementing strategy chain management resources to build business process, reconstruct third-party logistics development advantages, Should grasp the resources conversion mode, and constantly improve the output resources, (2) alliance strategy. Logistics enterprise development of third-party logistics needs in &; quot Complementary, Shared interests and quot; By the way, the principle, way implement contractual rights cooperation to develop logistics market, reduce logistics cost, improve the logistics efficiency. First is the union: logistics resources and industrial enterprise logistics resources, scattered through certain elements of logistics mode together, forming the integration of logistics resource advantage. Second is the logistics industry and geographical areas of the alliance: according to the scope of the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises professions, in certain geographical areas or certain scope of industry, efficient implement logistics alliance under operation system. The development of small and medium-sized enterprises and the establishment of the third party logistics alliance, through the form service association, coordinate and supervise logistics enterprises and small and medium-sized industrial enterprise in the development of the third party logistics relationship. (3) services strategy. Logistics enterprise development of third-party logistics must rely on the development of medium-sized and small enterprises, &; quot From small and medium-sized enterprises, service in small and medium-sized enterprise &; quot . Grasp the four main: first, must according to the actual needs of small industrial enterprises, design and provide personalized logistics service concept. Second, must pay attention to the market demand, the company provides guarantee the quality of products and service service measures. Third, must have profound understanding of the small and medium-sized enterprise logistics law, establish and improve the operation and management of logistics service benefit. (4) innovation strategy. The development of logistics process is an innovative process. Logistics enterprise development of third-party logistics, innovation, first, we need to innovate the idea, break traditional ideas, from the international advanced logistics management ideas, and small and medium-sized enterprise practice organically, to explore the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises logistics has new ideas and new methods. Secondly, we should make full use of modern, innovative organization by means of information technology, the enormous number of small and medium-sized enterprises. Establish networking logistics new organization. Again, the thorough research to service innovation and industrial enterprise logistics demand, through the introduction, imitating and innovative logistics technology, design, innovation and provide effective logistics services. Finally, should build system of innovation in property rights system is the core of modern enterprise system, establishing and perfecting the need according to the development of logistics management system. (5) brand strategy. Logistics enterprise development of third-party logistics must establish brand strategy, brand effect into full play, obtain good benefits. First to establish brand awareness of logistics development, and strict quality standard, make all logistics will continuously improve logistics service level. Secondly, we should introduce advanced technology, the design method of creating logistics service brand awareness, strict quality standard, make all logistics will continuously improve logistics service level. Secondly, we should introduce advanced technology, design of check logistics service contents, famous projects. Finally must strengthen the logistic technology and management personnel training, establish excellent talents team, to ensure the realization of enterprise brand strategy. = “scale-up h2 [5], the edit > < / h2 basic way to develop logistics of overseas Chinese logistics development road and the basic practice in China, the basic way of third-party logistics development can be divided into the following: the general logistics enterprise development of third-party logistics has two basic ways: first, can consider to gradual development, through own logistics business expansion, resources and management experience, again become professional logistics integration operators for small and medium-sized enterprises, provides a comprehensive logistics service. Secondly, can consider the great-leap-forward development, through the league contract and small and medium-sized enterprise resource integration, rapidly growing logistics capability and excessive become specialized third-party logistics enterprises. (1) the policy approaches. Logistics enterprise for small and medium-sized enterprise development of third-party logistics certain obstacles, to formulate policy of encouraging governments at all levels, from credit, positive guidance, financial policies for the development of building etc policy environment, and practical support and guidance of small and medium-sized enterprises resources reorganization and exert positive, start-up and promote the third-party logistics in small and medium-sized enterprise development. (2) market. Along with the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, logistics demand growth, logistics enterprises should be further studied the development of small and medium-sized enterprise logistics, to demand oriented quickly and effectively drive development of the third party logistics. (3) enterprise. Logistics development to create value and interests, is driven logistics enterprises, its development of the third party logistics. (4) social ways. Development of the whole society to third-party logistics cooperation and support, in social parties under the action of forces, realize industrial linkage, comprehensive development. = “scale-up h2 [6], the edit > < / h2 strategic choice of monopoly industries, except the height to change its single enterprise environment of market, so its success lies in how to adapt to the deciding factor market environment and take the right development strategy. According to international popular marketing theory, the enterprise competition strategy selection are mainly three kinds: one is the cost leadership strategy, 2 are centralization strategy, Three is the differentiation strategy. This theory can explain the basic cover or other competing theories, logistics industry competition strategy can also be used to explain the theoretical framework. h3, cost-first strategy for the enterprise when the enterprise with competitors h3 provides the same product and service, only way to accomplish the cost of products and services, and to long-term under the competitor in the market competition, this is the final victory cost-first strategy. In manufacturing industry, often through promoting standardized production, expand production scale to be diluted the management cost and cost of capital investment, to gain competitive advantage. And in the third party logistics area, it must be established through an efficient logistics operation platform to share management and information systems. In an efficient logistics operation platform, when joining a similar needs of customers, the effect of the fixed cost is negligible, nature has cost competitive advantage. So, how to build effective logistics operation platform? The logistics operation platform by the following parts: the customer group was formed stable business, stable practical logistics information system, the broad coverage of the business area network. Stable practical information system is the cornerstone of the development of the third party logistics enterprise logistics information system, not only need high one-time investment, it also requires the enterprise has special requirements for customer development ability. According to their own needs of enterprise may choose different logistics system, but any third-party logistics enterprises are impossible to avoid it. For a new third-party logistics enterprises, unless it is innate associated enterprise from the powerful support, general is unlikely to directly with extensive business network and large scale of customer group, the hardest, in a certain period can cross the threshold is the key to success for enterprises. For a third party logistics enterprise, it is an inevitable stage of development. If you can finish in two to three years of accumulation volume of network and laid, the enterprise will have the harvest season, If you can’t reach, often means money wasted and enterprise management of winter. For a new enterprise, there are three main ways to accomplish this task. The first way is in the planning, and on the basis of using more radical ways, first laid business network and information systems, for clients to. Only in this way, the more risk capital strength is very strong enterprise may do so. Some foreign company claims to be in a very short period of time within the country dozens of branch or office. The second approach is with some big company, established alliances or joint venture companies to obtain these large logistics company logistics business. In domestic appliance industry and automobile industry have this kind of case. This way, make enterprise in relatively reliable short-term gain a lot of business, but such an alliance or joint venture with a single large logistics enterprise, in a certain extent will affect the development of external business. Finally, a kind of way is established, it is more slowly platform, edge, laying customer development. Walk the road of the enterprise, must seriously consider the enterprise competition strategy, the second kind of centralization strategy. h3, centralization strategy for certain advantages of enterprise centralization strategy is the h3 enterprise’s attention and resources in a limited area, which is mainly based on different fields in logistics demand will vary, such as IT more by air and breakbulk express, fast moving consumer goods by road or rail transportation more. Every enterprise resources are limited, any enterprises may not succeed in all fields. The third party logistics enterprise should earnestly analyze its advantages and external environment, one or several key areas, business enterprise resources, open breakthrough. In logistics industry, we can easily find that BAXGlobal, EXEL etc in high-tech product logistics company, maersk logistics MaerskLogistics (and) and logistics (APLL) is focused on the export logistics, domestic cosco logistics is concentrated in the home appliance, automotive and logistics etc. Centralization strategy also tells us, in domestic enterprise of third-party logistics generally accepted, the third party logistics enterprise must concentrate on those more realistic market. It should be emphasized, the centralization strategy is not only refers to the business development direction, need more concentrated in human resources recruitment and training, organizational structure, operational qualifications obtained all aspects to focus, otherwise, the simple focus will only cause market opportunity missed and the waste of resources. h3, startting evening’s new enterprise most desirable is differentiation strategy > < / h3 differentiation strategy is to show the enterprise according to customers' special needs, their competitors or alternative products with distinguish, to provide customers with different from rival products or services, and this difference is competition inside short time to copy. Enterprise focused on a field, we should consider how to put himself in the field of service and distinguish the competitors, create its own core competitive ability. If has the special needs of customers can form enough differentiation strategy, market capacity is a desirable strategy. In the actual market expansion, the pharmaceutical industry to logistics links with GMP standard request, chemical industry logistics's special demand, dangerous goods production distribution management VMI logistics demand, to logistics enterprise provide different service provides space. Actually, for a late start new businesses, the differentiation strategy is the most desirable strategy. Of course, not said other enterprise cannot use the differentiation strategy, here we introduce the strategies used in detail. h3, differentiation strategy selection of logistics enterprise and the basic ideas

logistics enterprise should not only consider the differentiation strategy, and will consider to choose what kind of differentiation strategy. The focus of the strategic choice to maintain a strategic goal, is expected to another is clearly and avoid shrinking due to the strategic choice of the risks of may. Select the differentiation strategy may bring a result is narrow and unit cost of customers. Thus cause in the prices of services. Therefore in the differentiation strategy must pay great attention to the quality of the service to reduce customer special price sensitivity by differentiation of deepening the uniqueness of alternative to stop the threat and maintenance of customer loyalty, and through the differentiation of creating brand to concentrate and expansion of the customers in the continuous improvement of enterprise performance, realize unit service costs and unit price declines. Therefore, in the choice of logistics enterprise differentiation strategy, differentiation and positioning reference service is differentiated two basic ideas. 1 and positioning differentiation, positioning differentiation is provides customers with the industry competition of different service and the service level. Through the customer requirement and enterprise competence to determine the matching of enterprises, and the location of the location to the differentiation strategy essence. The differentiation strategy is to understand customers’ needs as a starting point, to create the high value to satisfy the needs of customers. Therefore in the enterprise decides its service scope and service level, is the first consideration is exactly what the customer needs to reach the service and the service which level. Enterprise can choose in logistics industry customers may be concerned services elements, such as price, accuracy, security, speed, etc. Then according to these factors to design, each element of the design of 0-10 of 11 grades, let customers according to their expectations and requirements for each element. Purpose is to find the most customers generally consider important elements, not important elements and enterprises provide extra factors. The last two questionnaires to open questions: A design should also provide you think what important service project? B: what do you think should remove redundant service project? This enterprise can clearly understand what services to the customers need what service and the most important factor for the customer. The enterprise to assess their abilities, they can see what service customers. To meet the demand of customers with his ability to match, or can’t satisfy the demand of customer, and the improved customer expectations and realize the promise will not let customers feel more disappointed. Either is satisfy customer demand, but the cost is too high to enterprise. According to customer needs and their ability of coordination, make clear his match in which enterprise to try and aspects. In the decision of enterprise, enterprise should after service direction for their service level. The service level of service according to the customer for the perceived importance factor and competitor provided the service level to consider. If the customer that important key elements, the service enterprise should make great efforts to improve their services to the highest levels. Industry, Customers think is necessary but not the key elements of the service enterprise, just keep in the industry average. That is the brocade of customer service, the enterprise can keep on elements under the industry average, because these services are not customer value. But those customers think is optional services elements, the enterprise can completely cancelled, so as to reduce the cost. Therefore, in the decision, when the whole positioning differentiation must take customer’s demand, the enterprise’s competition ability and the level of service of three elements integrated consideration. To achieve the harmonious and unified. 2, the service is the difference: the differentiation of different levels of customer service provided the differentiation. Localization is differentiated with competitors, and emphasize is service differentiation of different customers. For customers to emphasize the importance of him not too. Because the customer is different, want to a level of service for all customers are satisfied is impossible. The customer is satisfied with each are not identical, the expectation of natural are also different. Because every customer to profit contribution is different, so different customer’s importance to business enterprise also won’t exactly the same. And the important contribution to profits of customer requirements and provide natural their level of service also wants tall. Due to the enterprises to select the differentiation strategy, so different, it is the diversity of the enterprise of important customer’s identity, will be different. Each enterprise will be determined by its differentiation strategy and its important customers. In implementing the differentiation and enterprise service and the importance of different customers establish different customer relationship, with different levels of service. Generally speaking, the logistics enterprises based on the differentiation strategy can the customer is divided into three categories. The first kind is the greatest contribution to the company before the customer; 5% The second is ranked the second after the customer; 15 The third type is the other 80% of customer. According to the famous pato tired 20/80 percent, the principle of customer creates enterprise 80% of the profits. So keep these two types of customers can keep enterprise most profit source. The first kind is the most important customer is the customer, the second customer is also very important customer, and the third class customer is relatively minor. For these three categories of customer service policy to the differentiation respectively. The three kinds of customers first, customer service, the second VIP customers service, the third class membership customers standardized service. Thus forming logistics enterprise service differentiation strategy. The first kind of customer’s VIP services is the enterprise with this kind of customers keep close contact and even the alliance, adopt active service and even make some advanced service idea and service reserves. The enterprise can be in aspects of organization structure business processes to each other up. Provide specialist for other special services, utmost efforts to meet each other demands. Can provide customers from integrated logistics services, customer Angle for customer design system, to reduce the total logistics flow of logistics costs and improve customer satisfaction. = “scale-up h2 [7] this segment editing, development trend

entering into the 21st century, with the emerging of the rapid development of modern logistics industry, domestic logistics companies have mushroomed, and formed a third-party logistics industry. Want to better than the traditional logistics company, more professional, comprehensive logistics cost less efficient, distribution, and has become an international logistics development trend of modern logistics socialization, division of labor and the direction of development. According to statistics, by American authorities of the third-party logistics companies, enterprise logistics service will decrease costs, logistics assets dropped by 11.8% 24.6%, deal with orders from 7.1 days shorten the cycle time, total stock for 3.9 declined 8.2 per cent. According to the survey, in the western developed countries, the third party logistics is the subject of modern logistics industry. Europe’s big enterprise, the use of third-party logistics enterprises and 70% of 76%, only use one. In Europe, the third party logistics market share, accounted for 23 per cent in France, Germany, Britain, 27 for 34 per cent. America, Japan and other countries use the proportion of third-party logistics in more than 30%. In industrial enterprises, the raw material of the third party logistics complete logistics to 18%, Commodity sale only accounted for 16% of logistics. Now, our third party logistics in logistics market proportion of only 10%. Yet many large-scale specialized third-party logistics enterprises, it is current logistics development in the weakest link, and restricted the economic development of China. Our third party logistics market scale in 600 billion yuan ~ 70 billion yuan, not only in small scale, and highly dispersive, 10,000 to 15,000 third-party logistics enterprises, no one can account for more than 2% of the market share, most logistics company is limited in supply chain, not a fraction of the function of the integration of logistics services to meet customer needs. China’s largest logistics supply chain management software vendors ShenGuoKang President hiroshi secco information, because most logistics enterprises from the original storage industry transformation, and most of the enterprise core competitive power, forming technology and management level is not high, the lack of logistics service standards as. Although the number of logistics enterprises with basic investment surge, but low malignant competition disrupting the market order, logistics enterprises generally poor performance and development in the future. By means of information to improve the quality and efficiency of transportation, improve customer service transport capacity, thus improving the core competitive power, is a third-party logistics enterprises to cope with the market competition of the inevitable choice. In recent years, China’s third party logistics market 16 ~ 25% annually by the speed of growth. Although China’s logistics industry developing fast, but at present the third-party logistics information technology application level is relatively low. According to statistics, a large number of the third party logistics enterprise informatization level remain in GPS, RFID, some enterprises as primary stage even office suites, E-mail is still does not have. This kind of enterprise of the third party logistics enterprise over 50% of the total amount. China’s logistics enterprises, account for the majority of small and medium-sized enterprises. Most small and medium-sized logistics enterprise is unable to use information technology for the treatment of logistics information ability. The enterprise information system, with the information demand and most basic needs, bottom information system construction is the main content of informatization construction. At the same time, the small and medium-sized enterprises and logistics information system in the main consideration, although the cost problems, but also the needs of the future. Most of the high cost of logistics information system, and don’t use many functions, but the enterprise develop after may need, which requires the whole life cycle of the products with characteristics, can with the development of enterprise itself and business development and evolution. On the market today, in addition to other logistics information, bo division of supply chain management software manufacturer still does not have the ability to provide such products for small and medium-sized logistics enterprises, lack of information systems have seriously restricted the popularity of this kind of enterprise informatization. In addition, as part of the economic foundation of logistics enterprise informationization is compared, and a certain foundation, has begun to consider business process and management processes of optimization problems. This is to reduce cost and accelerating turnover from such economic pressure, the purpose is to help the enterprises to improve their own core competitiveness. These are usually focus on the most optimized can produce benefits, such as the link storage management, transportation management, order management, etc. This kind of large logistics enterprises accounted for 30% of the total logistics enterprises. But ShenGuoKang points out, this is only for local supply chain process of informatization construction, the results are isolated information system, to realize integration interworking,. The information integration chain can only meet in provides the fine for distribution and retail, warehousing, transportation links, but the software product supply chain integration to implement a clear-cut stand. Through the “operation platform should”, “reward” and “chain e-commerce layer” this structure is clear, the framework for logistics enterprises provide information on comprehensive resource integration solutions. From top to bottom to solve the existing problems, not every shoe itch. At present, has been formed systematic logistics management platform of logistics enterprises is very few, only about 5% of the total. The third party logistics enterprise informatization construction goal against the entire enterprise should be integrated supply chain management, implementation of enterprise-level information system construction. This can cross the line, realizing the department of all departments of the data and information interworking, and on this basis, the realization of information query and focus on. In the third party logistics enterprise should be in the western developed countries of the third party logistics development experience, and on the basis of extensive use computer technology and communication technology to improve enterprise’s own transportation efficiency and service ability, enhance their core competitiveness, but also is the only way to compete in the market enterprise bigger and stronger. = “scale-up h2 [8] this segment editing, analyzes advantages and disadvantages > < / h2 intensified competition nowadays increasingly detailed division and social background, the logistics outsourcing has obvious advantages: 1, the enterprise focus on their core business. Because any enterprise resources are limited, trying to be the expert on business. Therefore, enterprises should take their main focus on the resources of the logistics industry and the auxiliary function for logistics company. 2 and flexible use new technology, to realize the information in inventory, reduce cost. 3, reduce the investment in fixed assets, accelerate the capital turnover. Enterprise self-built logistics requires a lot of money buying warehouse and logistics equipment, construction of information network and professional logistics equipment. These resources for lack of fund of enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprise is a heavy burden. But if the use of third-party logistics companies not only to reduce the investment in facilities, but also liberated the warehouse and the team of nbre, accelerate the capital turnover. 4 and provides flexible and diverse customer service for customers, create more value. Of course, compared with self-conducting logistics, the third party logistics enterprise to provide convenience for the above at the same time, also can bring many disadvantages. Mainly has: the enterprise can directly control the logistics functions, Cannot guarantee the precise and timely delivery, Cannot guarantee the quality of customer service and maintenance of long-term relationship with customers, Enterprise will give up on logistics professional technology development, etc. For example, enterprises in the use of third-party logistics, of the third-party logistics companies with your customers employees often occurs at this time, exchanges, third-party logistics companies in the transport through its own mark on the spray or let employees to wear uniform dress third-party logistics companies in the ascension of the whole image of customers to replace your position. = “scale-up h2 [9] this segment editing and development status of

in the first half of 2007, the total logistics 33.8 billion yuan, a year-on-year growth rate, increase than quarter 1.7 percent. In the first half of 2007, the logistics value-added complete 7503 billion yuan, a year-on-year growth of growth than the quarter, improve 17.2 0.5 percentage points, all the service value, improve 17.9 0.1 of a percentage point. In the first half of 2007, the Chinese society for the total cost of logistics 19541 billion yuan, a year-on-year growth of 16.2%, than 0.9 percentage points, improving quarter than the same period of 2006 1.3 percent increase. The third party logistics industry in China is still at the beginning, the urgent need to government’s vigorously support and promote the development of modern logistics, to create a good environment. Currently China third-party logistics market scale is small, but highly dispersive, facing huge logistics market demand and supply of weak capacity of logistics enterprises abroad have itching. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] 10, development prospect in our country at present > < / h2 third-party logistics has the ability and the third-party logistics market potential is still insignificant compared. On our next decade of third-party logistics market development as follows. According to the total cost of logistics in 1999 in proportion of GDP, assuming 16.9% every five years the logistics cost of GDP percentage 2% (according to the "tenth five-year plan", namely the 2005 China logistics cost of GNP ratio of 14. By 2010, China 9%, logistics cost of GDP ratio for 12. In future years, 9% logistics cost of GNP ratio arithmetic mean about 14. 9, Our third party logistics in logistics market before the proportion of six (2000-2005) in accordance with international averages about 1/3 years according to the calculation, after the 1/2 computation (according to the "tenth five-year plan" draft) over the next decade, third-party logistics in logistics market proportion arithmetic mean for 0. 42, GDP growth by 8%. According to the results, by 2010, the total cost of logistics will be 28505 billion yuan, according to the international logistics market third-party logistics in average share accounted for 24. 42, logistics market will reach 6960 billion yuan. According to China association of warehousing February 2001 – April, 57% of enterprise in the next year or choose new logistics business, and in 1999, the statistics in the same proportion only 45. 3%. From these figures, our third party logistics market demands considerable. For many in the era of planned economy into the enterprise, now faces in assets reorganization and restructuring. This is the best time to adjust, the logistics business. Logistics business should be to professional logistics company. For the newly established completely according to the market economy, the pattern, the socialization of logistic business cooperation, specialized professional company. To a certain period, this reform will form of third-party logistics development of solid foundation and broad space. = “scale-up h2 editing this segment] [11, format classification > < / h2 overview of current China's logistics industry of the third party logistics enterprise business format to basically have two kinds. Firstly, the third party logistics enterprise to accept client, according to the customer request processing related goods. Actually this kind of business management pattern is entrusted by the legal relation theory significance from logistics, belong to primary format. Its form is for the purpose of the transaction processing, according to pay a fee entrust item and the trustee (according to the actual cost of logistics enterprise) and profit from fees and provide the corresponding services. If client has fallen inform obligation to cause the trustee equipment and other goods, the damage of equipment, and the trustee has the obligation to review the contract (the trustee relevant obligations 406), the trustee, causing a loss of a third, directly to the fault of the principal recover. In the practical operation process, is also often according to entrust with the relevant provisions of the contract. Article 407 as "contract law" the trustee handles matters entrusted, because reason not attributable to itself, the losses may seek indemnification from the principal. So of the third party logistics is the primary forms is entrusted legal relationship. Currently China logistics has just started, so most logistics enterprises are based on the principal-agent relationship. Secondly, the other is a kind of model of logistics enterprises according to the customer request, to logistics enterprise name outside seeking suppliers, agents, distributors, and to provide the corresponding storage, transportation and packing services for clients, logistics planning design. This model is often the enterprises engaged in the third party logistics services with fixed customers (usually chain enterprises) establish stable contractual relationship, to logistics enterprise name with a wide range of merchandise production, is the third party logistics and end customers establish long alliance cooperation. The management mode is the senior management of third-party logistics business. In practical activity, according to the characteristics of the third party logistics enterprise, the author thinks that it is the secret of FeiHang while he is acting behavior. Secret agent agencyofunnamedprincipal (name) is the concept of Anglo-American law system, on their own behalf, agent within the scope authorized by the agent entered into a contract with a third person, the third in the contract with the agent, knowing when the agency relationship between the agent and the agent as agent for interest, by agent responsibility. It is the most fundamental distinction with the trustee-trader trustee-trader only on their own behalf, so its foreign activities and the contract can't fight. In practice, the production enterprise, suppliers and third-party logistics enterprises home and have bought, agency relationship by the third party logistics enterprise according to the end customer order processing, distribution, processing, etc. Can be seen in this mode, the third party logistics enterprise is actually a knowingly end customer, only the third party logistics enterprise agent with terminal client name but not on their own behalf, and by the end customer. It should be pointed out that in the process, logistics enterprises for their own benefit, excessive agent shall be void. And because the third terminal client loss caused by fault, directly to the end customers by the third party liability. Manufacturers of goods (usually caused by the manufacturer for supermarket loss to the supermarket fault liability compensation) all the above instructions of third-party logistics business activities can senior business format is actually an implicit deputy behavior. = "scale-up h2 [12] this segment editing market situation, > < / h2 third-party logistics is in logistics services provided by the middlemen, in the form of a contract in the middlemen, providing enterprises within a certain term for all or part of the logistics services. A third party logistics provider is for external customer management and control and logistics service assignments company, they are not in the supply chain, is only a third party, but by providing logistics activity in the service product supply chain. Modern logistics is one of about 10 to 15 years history. In the United States, the third party logistics are considered in the development life cycle of product, In Europe, especially in Britain, generally think of third-party logistics market has certain maturity. European currently using third-party logistics services for the proportion approximately 58% 76%, America, and its continued growth in demand. Research shows, Europe and American 33% of 24% third-party logistics service users are actively considering using third-party logistics services, European and American 72% 62% of third-party logistics service users think they may have in 3 years to increase the use of third-party logistics services. Some industry observers have to estimate the market scale of third party logistics, the United States is equivalent to $42 billion, the market scale of logistics market potential in Europe recently estimated scale for rmb95 million dollars. Therefore, the world's third party logistics market has great potential and progressive and high growth characteristics. This kind of situation that third party logistics service providers, with large third-party logistics service company, most from the traditional "point" in logistics and developed, such as ware-housing, transportation, air and sea freight, shipping agent and enterprise logistics etc, the different needs of customers to provide each characteristic, through the services of success. The United States currently has hundreds of a third party logistics provider, most companies started and third-party logistics service company is gradually developed into it, but the industry. Third-party logistics service content now mostly concentrated on traditional sense of transportation, warehousing, transportation, warehousing, within the scope of the service content of enterprise is a deep understanding of the service for each individual, have a certain content, the key is how to experience these individual service contents of organic combination, the overall scheme provides logistics and transport. In the western developed countries of the third party logistics practice, have the following note: first, the logistics business scope expands unceasingly. Business institutions and companies face the increasingly fierce competition will have to focus on core business, transportation, storage and other related businesses links to more specialized logistics enterprise, in order to save and efficient, On the other hand logistics enterprise to improve service quality, also in expanding the business scope, provides supporting services, Second, many successful logistics enterprise according to the first party, the second party talks, analyzes and compares the self-care terms and agency cost, operation cost and flexible use of oneself in two ways, provide customized logistics services, Third, the logistics industry development potential is tremendous, has broad prospects for development. Logistics in the second world war, is the rapid development of social productive forces development level of the decision. After the second world war, the enterprise internal production level drops further, with production and inventory management has achieved between the distribution of "zero inventory optimal, this means that raw materials, components and component preparation time should be greatly reduced. While the global economy integration process of rapid development and formation of emerging markets, forcing the global strategy, for their production resources and more products in the world as a global product sales. These constitute the demand of logistics development, enterprise internal motive force of the lower level of production is the main reason. At the same time, to participate in international competition, the enterprise must reduce the cost of products (including production cost and cost of sales), reduce inventory (including warehousing and transport process inventory), increase the benefit. Enterprise requirements accurately and timely information, increased the supply key process requirements of visibility. Third-party logistics providers for enterprise solve this problem, so more and more enterprises have the choice of logistics business travel. = “scale-up h2 [13], the edit >

< / h3 third-party logistics development impetus is to create profits for the customer and. Third-party logistics companies must be attractive to satisfy our customer needs, service level must comply with the expectation of customers, to make customers in logistics, oneself also have profit to achieve earnings, therefore, the third-party logistics companies must through his homework and logistics of logistics management information, logistics facilities of modern logistics, specialization, WuLiuLiang scale to create profits. Homework interests: (1) the third party logistics services for our customers first and quot; Logistics operation &; quot Improve interest. On one hand, the third party logistics company through third-party logistics services, to provide customers themselves cannot provide logistics service or self logistics service of production factors, this need is obtained and the development of logistics outsourcing. In enterprise logistics activity organize circumstance, or confined to the organization of the logistics activity need professional knowledge, or confined to its own technology conditions, is the enterprise internal logistics system to meet their needs and logistics enterprise to improve or to solve this problem and is often not economic. Logistics operation of another improvement is to improve the operation of the enterprise internal management, increase flexibility, improve the quality of operations and services, velocity, and uniformity of service, logistics operation efficiency. (2) economic interests of third party logistics services: providing customers with economic or financial related interest is the basis of third-party logistics services. Generally low cost is due to the low cost factors and economies of scale economy and creation, including labor cost. Through the logistics outsourcing, can be transformed into variable cost constant cost, can avoid blind investment funds will be used for other purposes and reduce cost. Stability and visible effect of outsourcing logistics cost is active factors and stability of cost plan and budget procedures more simple. The cost of a general with other links to clearly distinguish, but through the use of third-party logistics outsourcing logistics service suppliers, costs and expenses to the MingXiXing, cost is increased. (3) : management of third-party logistics service to customers is not only the homework improvement and cost reduction, still should bring customers and management related interest. As mentioned, logistics outsourcing can use the management enterprise does not have professional skills, can also be used to other enterprise internal management resources to use more profitable, and consistent with the enterprise core strategy. Logistics outsourcing company human resources can be more focused on the company's core activities, and also is other company (third-party logistics companies) core business ability. In addition, as a single resource and reduce the number of suppliers that the benefits of logistics outsourcing is the underlying causes of the single resource decreased pr and reduce cost in several transportation, warehousing and transport, such services coordination of pressure. Third-party logistics service to customers with the management benefit and many, such as: the order of information management, avoid interruption, coordinated operation, etc. (4) strategic interests: logistics outsourcing can also produce strategic significance, and flexibility. Including geographical scope block is prohibited or revoke the flexibility () and adjusted according to environmental changes of flexibility. Focusing on strategic level in the management level and has high importance. The risks of interest can also through third-party logistics service to gain. h3 third-party logistics operation value > < / h3 third-party logistics service suppliers facing challenge is to provide its customers more than the value of logistics. They not only consider the similar service providers, but pass slightly to compete potential customers internal workings. Third-party logistics providers need to improve logistics operation from the general customers the operation efficiency, and the development of integration, customer value creation from three aspects: the operation operation. (1) improve operational efficiency of logistics operation efficiency means that for every final form of logistics development (such as separate events: transportation warehouse, etc.). Example: the warehouse operation efficiency depends on the facilities and equipment and enough skilled operation skills. Within the scope of operation efficiency in another more advanced function is continuous coordinate the logistics activity. Except the homework, still need to coordinate the skills and communication skills. Coordination and communication skills in largely associated with information technology, coordination and communication is a general information technology through this tool to achieve. If the cost of favorable factors exist, and the company focused on logistics aspects, so use lower the cost of providing better service is very possible. (2) customers operate integrate logistics service to bring value to another method is introduced more customers, or is in the client share resources. For example, many customers of storage and transportation network integration, can use similar combination of resources integration, the operation scale efficiency becomes important aspect. The complexity of the third party logistics operation, high integration of information technology and requires more skills. This is a way for a single integrated value-added customers is the inner workings of transportation and warehousing network economy also apply. Because of the increasing scale economic performance is good, if the operation, will cause the competitive advantages and greater customer base. Of course, some of the large customer with large there are often investment coordination and communication skills and its assets, the integration of logistics resource companies. (3) lateral or vertically integrated discussion is mainly in front of the third party logistics outsourcing operations of internal customers, enhance the efficiency of the third party logistics service suppliers from actually, also need to integrate resources outsourcing. No assets is mainly to management of the third party logistics resources of external service providers, such companies create value for the customer's skill is powerful information technology and logistics planning and implementation management skills, it can be purchased by vertical integration, cost and service with the advantages of single function assignment or resources, logistics logistics functions with a single provider of development, but also the relationship of a kind of method to create value, so, logistics supplier can concentrate on his new ability and the service. In horizontal, third-party logistics companies if can combine similar but not competing firms, can combine for customer service, providing customers with services of the regional coverage. (4) develop customer operation of third-party logistics companies create value for the customer is another kind of way through the development of the company and the client to obtain values, the organization and the third-party logistics service basically close to traditional logistics consultancy work, this is put forward by logistics solutions to the suppliers to develop themselves, finish operation. Value-added activities is the driving force of its customers, business process can be regarded as the increase of the value chain management and integration. h3 third-party logistics cost value

in the fierce competition in the market, reduce cost, improve profitability is often the first target of enterprise. It is also logistics in the 1970s oil crisis after the cost value were exhumed quot; as & The third profits source &; quot By the universal attention. The logistics cost is generally considered the high cost of enterprise management, control the logistics cost, one is the total cost control. Complete enterprise logistics cost, should include logistics facilities etc of investment in fixed assets, storage, transportation and distribution costs (i.e. special logistics costs, as well as the management,) under the management of logistics activities required, Labour and accompanied by the information transmission and processing of the logistics cost of generalized costs, etc. In the measure of the logistics cost decrease changes, should be considered, all these fees associated with the total cost of logistics, and not only to transport costs and warehousing fee simple sum for the logistics cost of index, or changes in enterprise logistics cost control or using third-party logistics, final accounting has concluded that enterprises may not reverse logistics cost/wrong conclusions. = “scale-up h2 [14] this segment editing, China’s development of the third party logistics idea

China’s accession to the WTO, make domestic market internationalization, there will be more and more foreign capital entering domestic logistics supplier in China, the third party logistics market logistics form severe challenges. Use short years is urgent transition, take effective measures to accelerate the development of China’s logistics, narrow the gap with developed countries. (1) accelerate property rights system reform, stimulate the enterprise vitality. China’s existing third-party logistics enterprises most from state-owned enterprises and warehousing, transportation, with many planned economy, can not adapt to the international market competition. Therefore, we must establish equity diversification of joint-stock enterprises and perfect the corporate governance structure, straighten out the interests relation, separation of ownership, and separation, ensure enterprise according to the market rules, stimulate the enterprise vitality, to modern logistics. Especially the larger companies, on the one hand, to optimize the internal integration, internal resource allocation, cosco logistics resources and integration of the existing in Chinese aumority based on the business of the company, founded in early 2002, cosco logistics company constructs worldwide logistics service network. On the other hand, with the power of the capital market, the enterprise restructuring, absorption and utilization of social idle funds, to overcome the weakness of capital, the rapid growth of the enterprise, RON, prompted the establishment of modern enterprise system and operation. (2) with the application of information technology as the core, to strengthen the construction of network. Informationization is the important measure of modern logistics enterprises, many international symbol of logistics enterprises with “first-class three nets”, namely the order information, the global supply chain network resources, worldwide users of computer information networks, network resources. Using information technology, enterprise can integrate business process, can blend in customer production and operation process, to establish a “efficiency trade” management and production mode. In the WTO, under the new situation of the domestic logistics market to expand international, can have extensive network becomes increasingly important. Enterprises should grasp network construction work: on the one hand, should according to the actual situation of the network, if the enterprise established tangible, large scale, business management network can self-built, If only sporadic business, can consider to cooperate with other logistics enterprises, and Shared networks, Also can with large customer joint ventures or cooperative, build node. Last year, cosco group and the little swan, kelon to set up a joint logistics company, rational configuration of different sources, to achieve significant benefits. On the other hand, to establish information network, through the Internet, the management information system, data exchange technology (EDI) information technology to achieve logistics enterprises and customers of logistics resource sharing, the real-time tracking, effective control and process management, formation of interdependent market symbiotic relationship. (3) cultivating competitive logistics group, intensive management. In a market economy, all must depend on strength. Only with a powerful economic strength, a reliable credit guarantee, can QuXinYuRen. China association of storage in 2001, according to the survey, in the choice of third-party logistics enterprises most important is the enterprise logistics operation quality and ability to meet. At the same time, the third party logistics enterprise, only to have certain scale, it will be possible to provide comprehensive service, can realize the low-cost expansion, the scale benefits. At present, many of the third party logistics enterprise are planned economy period, food supplies, commercial and transportation departments, enterprises have specific services, each competition. If you want to adapt to wto fierce competition, must break the scope of business, industry, geographical, ownership restrictions, establish the aspects of the game, integrated logistics enterprise, encourage power-and-power union, a large group of trans-regional, and only the merger, the reasonable allocation of resources and to perfect management network, can be extended feelers to overseas, to participate in the international market competition. (4) strengthen the value-added services, the development of strategic alliance. According to the development trend of the logistics industry, who owns a large logistics facilities, perfect network, and has strong ability of whole logistics design company development space, the biggest hybrids can only these enterprises in information technology and the ability to implement integrated, provide a standing position “, “whole logistics solutions. Therefore, the Chinese logistics enterprises in providing basic logistics service at the same time, according to the market demand, market segments, expand the scope of business and customer value for its development and efficiency of logistics services, and extensive processing, distribution and forwarding business, even including logistics strategy and process solutions, set up information platform service with professional service, satisfies demand, improve the service quality and service in benefit. Company to provide comprehensive service by way of strengthening, and large customer contact, enhance mutual dependence on business, developing strategic partnership. (5) attention should be paid to the logistics personnel training, implementing talent strategy. The enterprise competition is ultimately talent competition. We and the gap between developed countries and logistics equipment, technology, is not only money gap, more important is the concept and knowledge gap. Only the logistics personnel quality enhances unceasingly, continuous learning and application of advanced technology, to build a suitable for China’s national conditions of the third party logistics. To solve the problem of the lack of professional talents, good way is to strengthen the logistics enterprises and research institutes, make theoretical research and practical application, combining modern logistic technology and management professional talent training, a large number of logistics operation rules with pioneering spirit, and a team of talent. Logistics enterprises in a professional and managerial talent cultivation, the importance of logistics knowledge of all employees and business training, improve the overall quality of the enterprise. To develop the third party logistics is a systematic project, only on their own efforts of logistics enterprises is far insufficient, still need to government and industry association and the regulation for the third party logistics enterprise development, and create a good external environment. One is establish corresponding policies and regulations system, especially the preferential policy formulation and implementation, and makes the development of the third party logistics is in, Two is to establish standard of the industry standard, self-discipline, standardize market behavior, the logistics business operation rules followed, 3 it is play organization, coordination, planning functions, unified planning, rational layout, multi-function, high-level and distribution function is strong, radiation wide of modern logistics center, and overcome the shortcomings of the intersected, avoid repetitive construction and the waste of resources, improve the healthy and orderly development of third-party logistics. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] 15, relevant information > <

1. The books information > <

> < / h3 h3: RuiGuiJie editor for a version of the club: China financial and economic publishing time: 2008-2-1 word: 251000 page number: 189 open open this: 16 I S B N: 9787509500958 pricing: 21.00

encyclopedia h3, chapter ten chapters of the concept of third-party logistics, third-party logistics generated and four logistics theory of basic overview, The second chapter to the third chapter of third-party logistics service contents, operation mode and the main business of third-party logistics process from macro is introduced, The fourth chapter of third-party logistics service is discussed, The fifth chapter to eighth chapter discusses third-party logistics management, including: the main business of third-party logistics management, supply chain management, information technology, management, cost and performance monitoring and etc, and has a strong practical, Chapter 9 a third-party logistics contract management, the third party logistics is the guide, also called “contract logistics, therefore, the contract logistics” in third-party logistics plays a decisive role, In Europe and in chapter 10 of the third party logistics development were analyzed, and put forward the Suggestions for the development of China’s logistics. This teaching in higher vocational colleges can satisfy the requirement of logistics management professional teaching, also suitable for logistics personnel of post and on-the-job training. 2 h3 books information > <

book: the h3 third-party logistics as LiGuoFeng: press: Harbin industrial university press time: 2009-9-1 ISBN: 9787560329468 folio: 16 open pricing: 28.00 yuan this book based on the latest development in modern logistics management theory and practice, the comprehensive analysis and research achievements of the third party logistics system theory, method and technology at home and abroad, by tracking the latest development of the third party logistics, reveals the development regularity, characteristics and operation mode. In chapter 7 of the third party logistics, includes the basic theories, third-party logistics business development and design, the third party logistics management and logistics customer service management, and the third-party logistics and e-commerce, logistics information system, third-party logistics development trend. Each chapter has abundant model and an application example, tries to combine theory with practice. This book can be used as colleges and logistics management, logistics engineering, business management and professional undergraduate student, teaching, but also as a master of business administration (MBA), master of learning of the third party logistics, also can be used as materials with different industries, the logistics personnel training materials. Chapter 1 book catalogue third-party logistics basic theoretical chapter 2 of third-party logistics business opening and design in chapter 3 of third-party logistics management chapter 4 of third-party logistics customer service management chapter 5 third-party logistics information system in chapter 6 third-party logistics and e-commerce in chapter 7 of third-party logistics development in the new model reference

expand reading books and lt; 1. & lt, Third-party logistics & gt, & gt, http://www.tushulian.com/dangdangwanggoushu/200912712120.asp

2. Knowledge of third-party logistics companies http://www.hlt56.com/school/139/6438.html daqo > < p/p http://bbs.baoyuntong.com/? 3. SourceID = > <

http://www.hzins.com/? 4. SourceID=1264

5.物流搜索（www.soo56.com）

6.第三方物流的法律定义及若干问题探讨

7.http://blog.china.alibaba.com/blog/koalawzh/article/b0-i4237469.html

8.面向中小企业的第三方物流

9.http://blog.china.alibaba.com/blog/koalawzh/article/b0-i3765469.html

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[= "first" for the individual files] edit > < / h2 Morikubo Shoutarou [[English]]] : male gender birthday on February 25, 1974) [[her] 165cm fukuoka county, height 52kg [B] [blood in the constellation] Pisces. Instruments (drum, guitar), skiing [food] hate fruit [nuisance. Drunk stands for the drunk () the work style of "heart" pleasure as the voice actresses' motivation to] is… (sweat ^ ^;; The company] Sigma Seven feb. 22, 2007 and the female voice actresses' actual recordings, shallow sichuan leisurely get married in 2009 divorce = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] experience > <

how to join the voice actresses’ list > < / h3's long protect: I with some small in English drama friends to join a troupe. A firm's head when I'm on stage seen after the performance, for I had recorded in some tapes of shimei. But I'm not very fond of his voice, and do not want to have a career in voice actresses' actual recordings. To recording animation, I even dubbing is also unclear began. Because many mistakes occur in the process and trouble, so I think should no longer next opportunity. The first character in the explosion went Let&amp brothers; Go!" The raider fighter's long protect: yes, he's a lot of talk. Audio surveillance tanaka told me, "this way can deduce the role, but you will not make any other candidates. This work was broadcast year plan, fortunately could have been done for three years. It's also participate in other animation, which to me is a kind of very good temper. TianZhongKe said my teacher! About a year at the beginning, I dub gradually found himself like a job. h3 at work about yourself and what the voice actresses’ actual recordings > < / h3's long protect: leading roles in to make me a deep impression. As the first film performance of the divine comedy defenders, "the magician's all of the", "domoto speeding shake a transient role, I like very much. h3 besides still what special character > < / h3's long protect: this several years I played most of the children and bad, is a narrow line, so can play different roles really makes me feel happy. Such as "the nara naruto with my old deer pill has a lot of character, he is a very afraid troublesome, often have unexpected move, there is fresh. The detective rocky "rocky voldemort is very straightforward, at his side will happen a lot of interesting things. When I saw the flash spirit duo "of the original cartoon, thought if it animated words really want to participate. h3 which role playing > < / h3's long protect: all. I think of all the character, and then to read the original voice dialogue. actual performance h3 silver times > < / h3 how long the first official: Stevenson dropped to see when recording the silver times (seem tare panda silver times), because do not always grasp the effect. "This is not in the mood, I can do that, for recording the feeling 覚 and fight. Recently too much to play for the sake of silver times dropped back to normal, and can't seem to play the silver times? Version (laughs). And the voice actresses' actual recordings of music activities now also became the work's long protect: even so until now, I also don't want to forget the music as a feeling of interest, after all, I don't want to put it becomes too commercial. Because this is my interest, I hope I can choose from the music, if you can get the approval, then enough. If it doesn't work, as meet some music will force like to do, and then it doesn't make any sense. In the work, because this is professional, even though I don't like will do, but I don't want to the same kind of attitude to music to face. and try h3 > < / h3 solo's long protect: at first I was refused, because I hope to show in the identity of the band, so no thought to solo. But because there are a lot of understanding and support my staff, so finally persuaded me to accept the proposal, and it also makes me to music views have changed greatly. Responsible for the rig, Mr. A very strict to do better in the recording, or even build by laying bricks or stones night rewrite lyrics. Then I think the words is a kind of instrument is a kind of "other", though, he couldn't understand a feeling he sing itself, but, sir, "she told me this song too weak!" Depends on the chance of solo, I think about the things to music. It makes me very happy, lyrics OK! When something learned in solo musician in other areas to help! h3 the voice actresses’ relationship with other > < / how long the h3 paulson said to each other, the good friend is ITO rehabilitation aso, I was responsible for his work on stage, the music also tried playing time. And I will have good, filial piety was near because we live in age, and to become good friends, but he always I don't drink much wine: "give me a temperate!" (laughs). Another rickmansworth, we join &; quot A.N.S &; quot The band, he's like my brother. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] personal works >

< / h3 dubbing animation version: the raider TV, two brothers" first one fighter (debut as raider) of cosmic people — the teacher "field aso ShenFengGuaiDao Joan of a mountain, g. sub-factor event in the new century music as god by maneuvering of the JinTianYi Willis X the book" young YiYiDong FangJian, the 4 – this expedient chaos warrior "auspicious" half of them from the explosion was the goddess of hail デ reincarnate ビ ル black sea of JiaFei one at the SAN ル female college ミ system of interactive one saw the wind speed of auspicious aso YOYO this instant a class a angel undefended!" One lafite-rothschild, many of THE ア one ン hamm aso ド レ star walls "VS knight lemonade & amp; 40 inflammation of a water, bordeaux" MAGiC and one Finn "arcane MAGiC feet of THE arcane Finn by wu" Rhode Island senki – one knight – "THE Road to THE football player silvia 2002" new "udo one kwai — Tim ShiXiaoZi" THE new artificial person auspicious card CYBORG (THE SOLDIER in 1991 edition) ジ/ェ ッ — 002 # 12539 ministry &, リンク 《热带雨林的爆笑生活》一一罗伯特 《新白雪姬传说》一一豪 《地球防卫家族》一一ホシ 《网球王子》一一切原赤也 《鲁邦二世》一一里昂 《RUN=DIM》一一本田仁 《闪灵二人组》一一天野银次 《东京地底奇兵》一一华秦 《火影忍者》一一奈良鹿丸 《鲁莽天使》一一岳山隆雄 《一骑当千》一一左慈元放、王双 《金童卡修》一一春彦 《魔侦探洛基》一一鸣神/托尔 《侍铳》一一市松 《忘却的旋律》一一赫鲁 《电邮宠物MOMO》一一MOMO 《名侦探柯南》一一世古国繁（361~362集）、儿岛乾史（476-477集） 《棒球大联盟》（第二季起至今）一一茂野吾郎 《练马大根兄弟》——一朗 《地狱少女 二笼》一一须崎干夫 《完美小姐进化论》一一高野恭平 《彩云国物语第二季》一一陆清雅 《美型侦探》一一信浓紫炎 《D.gray-man》一一加斯戴罗 《旋风管家》一一ファイター 《雨月》一一露草 《机巧魔神》一一佐伯玲士郎 《11eyes -罪与罚与赎的少女-》一一田岛贤久 《薄樱鬼》——冲田总司 OVA： 《快刀乱麻》一一楯冈新十朗 《怪童丸》一一源赖光 《湘南纯爱组!5 ラストシグナル》一一克幸 《网球王子 全国大会篇》一一切原赤也 《东京大学物语》一一村上直树 《菜菜子解体诊书》一一灰土 《墓场的鬼太郎》一一山田秀一 《妹妹恋人》一一结城赖 《秋之回忆5：中断的影片》河合春人 《冬之蝉》一一相泽正之进 《final fantasyVII-降临之子》——卡丹裘（kadaj） 剧场版： 《宠物小精灵-超梦的反击》一一超梦（幼体） 《四驱兄弟Let's & Go!! WGP-暴走迷你赛车大追击》一一四驱斗士 《遗迹守护者》一一御神苗优 《网球王子シリーズ》一一切原赤也 《火影忍者-大激突！幻之地底遗迹》一一奈良鹿丸 《火影忍者-命运的任务开始！》 The deer pill itself nara naruto – fetter of nara deer pill one final fantasy VII: come of Kadaj [one] the h3 film world Wonderful > > < / h3 well-known voice actresses' actual recordings of the first wave film director su auxiliary supervision: wave SongCun: su auxiliary producer GongYe really pretty, starring: the former step in actor: flat TianYuXiang, long, the auspicious aso TianZhi and GuanZhi, a think-tank, sichuan university, waves of auxiliary, saito, JiaFei Mitsuki dahe TianYuZi, dream (colored Hiroshi), cold explosive cities, hills, just long ze beauty XingLi, big tree, PuDongHua, rock hill camp, antitumor, cane or original dragon pond, and a little friends, Jue macro painted in a second, and introduced the sea in the film), auxiliary only provoke supervision university, I also beam to participate. Besides, including sichuan as waves of male leading GongYe really keep in step with the original, and TianYuXiang flat, the auspicious aso, for TianZhi and GuanZhi, a think-tank, sichuan, saito dahe Mitsuki… Many famous voice actresses' actual recordings, all involved in this performance. [showtimes, Reservation in 2010, summer date have yet to be announced. The group has already decided on June 12 (Saturday) and 19 (Saturday) and 20 (Sunday) supervise and cast stage etc.) The plot of the Wonderful world. Introduction to the story, when the humans in sleep, is called the ヘ ム] in the first 2 worlds. [ヘ ム] is a to survive as the final purpose, similar to the values of the wild dominated world. [ヘ ム the memory is not brought to life, people will forget awaking happened in another world, mankind can also will usually hidden in the back. Even with a ム ヘ [the memory, most people would think the nightmare is forgotten. But things are always loopholes, gradually, a few special humans understand another world exists, and the ヘ ム] and real world wonderful causality. International animal care group of consultants nurse slice mountain shengwalunding paying court (26), because he was caused by the fault of 20 years has been in a vegetative state's brother, a 31-year-old hang mountain (about) era and guilt. But in the ヘ shengwalunding paying court ム] in the world has seen a healthy life's brother… h3 dubbing game

Apocripha / 0 (セ were installed ノ palace (product) monster with the interface, you か つ) う future learning あ wholesale へ (ア ー system ル & # レ ministry ロ ー 12539; う cities ん requested) エ ministry ク cities system, travel (red) エ ク ソ ダ ギ system, ル テ ー ネ オ system (カ truth ミ etude) system 12316 prologue & #, 揺 れ move く heart’s か た ち & # 12316, (county) オ ー of デ ン, フ system, イ ン ア (グ ヴ ェ イ) 団 J – PHOENIX mecha soldiers バ ー タ ministry ク テ system, system キ (ク system & # ー エ; ル ヴ 12539 ン) football player, the golden generation (new challenge wu) グ kwai ラ ン デ ア II, リ (ュ ー ド) & # 39; Flash spirit duo series: shem spirit duo – わ took れ た infinite city (wild) silver times spirit duo – take full set (よ say still wild silver times) day spirit duo – evil eye seal (wild) silver times spirit duo – the strongest バ shinjuku ル ministry (silver) ゴ wild ン new generation エ five-hour hit! ゴ (エ ン) ャ could イ five-hour ン requested グ & # 12539, フ ォ ー ネ system オ (マ ッ ク ジ) ャ ッ system ク x ダ ク タ system ー リ could ー ズ (ジ ャ ッ ク) ジ ャ ッ ク x ダ ク タ system ー old world’s heritage ジ ャ ッ ク x ダ ク タ system was ー 2 # 12539, 転 goddess デ born ビ ル ド レ ル black sea ン black’s book & # 12539, Red’s book JiaFei (at) remains ル guardians ヴ application form ー interactive system (royal god そ) し て seedling optimal こ に universe き ら no.27 め く jun’s poem (ギ ル system), and its エ Darling Backlash キ ー ministry ゾ system & 12539, A ー ministry (CDC) ダ eagle island fight ブ ル ャ ministry キ system. (2) the tree village and # 039; Tennis prince series (red) : cut the SmashHit tennis prince! SmashHit tennis prince! 2 the tennis Prince Glorious 2004 Gold tennis Prince SweatandTears tennis Prince SweatandTears2 tennis Prince Kiss Prince of Flame of tennis Prince Love Prince Bitter tennis Prince RUSH &; amp DREAM! Most tennis prince ー black sea ム 24,167,389 せ form よ! The tennis prince college.it analysed 様 prince’s offering ド tennis prince キ ド キ サ バ イ バ ル Girl ‘s heart memories and thousands of trees (clear) 篭 bird’s こ to う が わ ム (ministry), BoYing ghost series (ChongTian ZongSi) : thin 桜 ghost 12316 &, The new selected groups 12316 & greedy, BoYing ghost BoYing carry SuiXiangLu ghost BoYing ghost tour BoYing wanted to record BoYing recorded LiMingLu ghost demons game at the end of the meeting, new choose group (China) for a new warehouse フ application form ン タ テ system, ク ッ フ ォ ー ン 2 ☆ ュ black sea ☆ ☆ (ア ー ク = リ ground floor ン ン) GPX new ministry intelligent Road equations to Infinity マ (3 ー ク & # フ; ェ ル 12539 デ ン interactive system ロ キ Fragrance) Tale (マ) ー メ イ ド press リ ズ ム (snow grass ジ/ュ ン pure &; ヴ application form イ 12539 ツ) and arcane magic tamoxifen (called) し Finn ま せ romantic waiter (way clear temple 暁 still) of autumn and spring memories series (river) : autumn memories: the interruption of ム film memories ペ encore 5 ル ソ interactive YangJie floral village (4) : people ー Locke’s system パ ー ア ド ベ ン black sea ャ ー Locke (a ー マ ministry ン, ク イ ッ ク マ ン X5 (who) Locke Locke’s people who X6 (X) Locke Locke’s people X7 (X) Locke people who ロ X) ビ Locke’s ン & # 12539, ロ イ ド no.27 険 take ロ (ビ ン & # イ ド); ロ 12539 VitaminZ/VitaminZ Revolution (ア ridge ラ タ) h3 broadcast > and

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open, cartoon, classification: Japan, voice actresses’ actual recordings, voice actors CV > <

[I]] “to improve the auspicious aso’s long” entry: more rice and ShiChuanYingLang subgroups are GongShiTian mound, pure fruit green light, b. huimei rock GuanJun epicenter antitumor LangGuanZhi a true one takes sunwood fushan new BaiXueJi legend mulberry embellish of mobile warrior in high island way temple island > < / dl extension tuk,]

]]> http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/the-auspicious-asos-long/feed/ 0 studychineseschool http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/badminton/ http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/badminton/#comments Tue, 14 Sep 2010 02:59:36 +0000 studychineseschool http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/?p=14830 ]]> h3 badminton sport > <

[editor this paragraph] badminton 1, badminton (h2) : two or four people in the stadium movement, the racket handle gently with long ball played across the feathers of the middle course hang. Two shuttlecock, (with) : the Olympic Games, the ball is rubber circle, under the above arrangement, nodular pat feathers to go. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] badminton origin

14-15 centuries of Japanese, the racquet is cherry wood, the ball is made on nuclear feathers. Legend has it that in the 14th century, Japanese appeared on the beautiful feather the cherry wood planks, when the ball back the rally movement. This is the rudiment of badminton sport. Modern badminton movement was born in England. In 1873, in Glasgow county town has a consultancy that the duke, Fletcher bobby opened in his territory, and have several garden from India’s retired officer will return to introduce a net and smite with the racquet game, this feeling has great interest. Because this activity extremely interesting, and soon the social networking field in popularity. “” minton” (Badminton) become namely English names of Badminton. In 1893, British 14 badminton club composition badminton association. h3 badminton sport > < / h3 18th century, the city of India, pu appear similar badminton game today, wool woven into the spherical interpolation, feather, people with wood, net to volley ball in the air. This game popular time is not long disappears. Badminton was introduced into China about in 1920, the liberation, the rapid development. Chinese athletes in the 1970s has been rated teams. In the 1970s, the international badminton altar in Indonesia and is tied. In the 1980s, China has advantages in China, to badminton sport has reached the advanced world level. Badminton in 1992 Barcelona Olympics were classified as official event, consists of male and female mixed doubles and women's singles and five games played. In 1992, badminton in 1992 Barcelona Olympics were classified as official event, male, the female's singles and doubles and mixed play five games. Each session of badminton tournament time are constantly changing, and the World Cup as Thomas YouBoBei badminton championships. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] badminton development

1877, first a badminton game rules published in Britain. In 1893, launched in Britain the world’s first badminton association. In 1899, this association held the first “, “the badminton championships held once a year, which still exists today. Badminton sport from Scandinavia to the commonwealth, circulating in the early 20th century to Asia, America, Oceania, and finally to Africa. In 1934, the establishment of the international badminton federation, headquartered in London. In 1939, the international badminton federation through each member of the badminton competition by rules. The 1920s to 40 countries in Europe and America in the badminton sport development soon, including Britain, Denmark, the United States, Canada, the level is quite high. In the 1950s, the development of Asian badminton sport soon made two Malaysian Thomas cup champion. While Indonesia in technology and innovation play soon achieved supremacy. Since 1960s badminton sport development gradually shift to Asia. In may of 1981 was restored in the international badminton association of China in the international badminton federation of lawful seat, from the international YuTan opened a new page in the history of the Chinese badminton players into the glorious era. During the 1988 Seoul Olympics, badminton was classified as performance project, 1992 Barcelona Olympics as official event, the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games. As mixed Since entering the new developing period of badminton sport. In 2006, for the three months after the implementation of the new rules of formal badminton. In this year of YouBeiSai soup, first. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] badminton tournament >, < / h2 by the international badminton federation to host the world major badminton are: 1. Thomas cup is the world men's team badminton championships held the first game, 1948, presently for two years, even years in. By three singles, doubles game two components. Thomas cup history won the most countries, altogether 13 is Indonesia. 2 the world women's groups YouBoBei namely, badminton championships held the first game in 1956, in two years, even years. By three singles, doubles game two components. History YouBoBei won the champion of the country's most of China, 11 times. 3 the world badminton championships namely world badminton championships, single. With male and female singles, doubles and mixed doubles in five games. For three years since 1977 session, 1983, instead of two years in an odd number of years. In 2005, but instead of an annual Olympic year not hold. 4 the badminton championships is mixed groups. In 1989, a two-year launched in the odd years, by five single component. 5 the World Cup games, badminton belongs to invite sex by the international badminton federation invite outstanding competitors in the year. Founded in 1981, 1997, the international badminton federation decided to host since 1998 by world-top contestants in the all-star game, and ready to try big bonus badminton grand slam events. 6 all British badminton championships by England badminton association in 1899, founded in world history, is the oldest badminton tournament. Originally from Britain and the commonwealth countries, now has become a player in the global YuTan DaHuiZhan. 7. The badminton badminton in 1992 became the Olympic Games, only four games, mixed doubles. The 1996 Atlanta Olympics adding mixed up project. 8. To the international badminton federation of international grand prix series to the world tennis championship organization. Began in 1983. In the year of different times and in different countries held a series of six level, mainly include super racing and grand prix. In 12 score the highest standing super race to the top eight/competitors in the finals held year-end super series, but in a single game at each affiliate association to register two/participate. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] badminton match method

singles by two players in the field will strike a badminton alternative, make the ball on the ground. The party is losing ground, the winner. By four athletes doubles the above methods, but very exquisite. Doubles, = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] badminton movement characteristics of h2 and/is a kind of systemic sports have both the badminton competition rules or a general fitness activities, to constantly on the move, jumping, steps, swing, swing reasonably various strokes and footwork ball back on the pitch to strike, thus increasing the upper limbs and lumbar muscles, the strength and accelerate the whole body blood circulation, enhance the exercisers the cardiovascular system and respiratory function. According to statistics, big strength of badminton sport rate can reach 160-180 times per minute in the heart, can reach every minute of the intensity of 140-1.5 times, low intensity exercise rate also can achieve 100-130 times per minute. Long-term badminton exercise, can make the heart and lungs more powerful, durability. In addition, the badminton sport requirement for changing in short time practitioner of judgement, resolutely pitches, therefore, to counter the nervous system of the body it can improve the sensitivity and coordination. Second, adjustable badminton sport exercise suitable for men, women and children, exercise can according to individual age, physical activity levels, and the characteristics of the environment. Teenagers can promote growth and increase as effective means of physical exercise, the exercise of strength, activities for the appropriate time to 40-50 minutes advisable. Amount of badminton sport can promote the growth of teenagers can cultivate teenagers height, confidence and courage and determination of such good psychological quality. The elderly and infirm may recover health care methods as exercise, carry momentum is lesser, activity time with 20-30 minutes advisable, achieve the sweating, curved waist, stretch joints of purpose, thus improving cardiovascular and nervous system function, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and nervous system senile disease. Children can play as active method to exercise, let them in the sun, and asked them to jump to hit the ball, cultivate their overcoming difficulties, does not fear endures hardship, unwilling to lag behind. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] badminton game rules > <

(1) badminton cour, equipment > <

> < / h3 badminton cour 1 venues: badminton courts growth square, various line width, site for 4 cm over 12 meters within and around 4 meters should not obstacles. 1.524 metres high court central nets, doubles in nets high 1.55 metres-there. Badminton cour standard badminton game for a rectangle 13.40 meters in length, width, site composites for doubles, wide field for singles 5.18 meters. Pitch for various line 4 cm long, wide when measured from the outside of the line. The boundary stadium white, yellow or other identification of color to paint. According to international rules, the stadium for the space over the minimum 9 meters, at this height, can not have any beams or other obstacles around the stadium within 2 meters, there shall not any obstacles. For any two of the stadium, it must be at least 2 metres. Around the stadium for brunet wall, can have the best wind. 2 equipment weight 4.74 grams, 5.5 – by 16 feathers in half the cork, the ball ball diameter, high 78mm 68-58-68mm into 1-10. Ball does not exceed the total length of frame 68 centimeters, no more than 23 cm wide, PaiXian face no more than 28 centimeters long, not more than 22 cm wide. (2) h3 badminton match method and main rules profile > < / h3 game 1 of the project: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles and women's doubles, mixed doubles, men's team women groups. 2 the new game scoring method. And rules: (1) the score table similar once by 21 cents, scores, i.e. the first 21 points – 2-3 innings,. With both sides to 20 after 2 points, leading party is the victory that, If the party leader, 29 after 1 minute, calculate the win. The new system (2) reading scores, and except for special circumstances (such as floor wet, ball broke), not to interrupt game player. But, with one in 11 points lead, game 1 minute pause, let the technology to wipe perspiration, water etc. (3) scorers have right to serve his words, if have, from his left, From the right to serve, even points. In the third inning, or just the inning, when one scores 11 points, both sides reached first exchange area. (4) doubles rule changes, text, not easy and unable to map, so in the government. 3. [method] game scoring system: (1) unless otherwise agreed, the game should be in three innings, two wins will be decided by 5 dish more than 3 – system (2) only serve to score (3) until the men's singles and doubles to 15 for the party to win game. (4) women's singles first 11 points a game 1 gives the men's singles and doubles, 13 or 14 ping ping (women's singles 9 or 10 flat), won 13 points or 14 (women's singles first won nine or ten points) party, can choose "and" or "no". 2 this choice only in the first fraction, before serving. 3 (September 13 women's singles draw) chose not to "again", in the women's singles (14) won 10 flat first 14 (women's singles 10 points), still can choose "again". (5) choose "after" from "0-0" began to report, the first was "a fangsheng the score. 1 to 13 flat side again to 5 minutes. 2 again to the party 14 draws to three points. September 3 flat side to again to 3 points. 4 to 10 flat side again to just two points. (6) in the next game on the game from start to serve the winner. 3 the stance: singles: (1) the starters score 0 or even when, both sides should be to their athletes right neutral zone serve or receiving. (2) the scores for starters, both players are words should be left to their respective serve or receiving neutral zones. (3) as "again", with the player's total score should be determined stance. If the total score for 15 points (singular), the parties shall then each athlete left neutral zone serve or receiving, If the total score for 16 points (even), the parties shall each athlete of the right to receive serve or neutral zone. (4) after a ball, both players will no longer serve the limit and free of any other blow to the ground, athlete's stance on his side can ground of limits or foul. Doubles: (1) a game and start serving side, should right neutral zone began to serve. (2) receiver can receive only, If it's companion to catch the ball touches or server, one portion. 1 first recorded in the service of the athletes, their score of 0 or even, must be in the right neutral zone serve or receiving, A score of singular, should be left in the game or receiving service. 2 the first recorded in the receiving player, his score of 0 or even, must be in the right neutral zone receiving or neutral, A score of singular, it should be left neutral zone receiving or neutral. 3 the two opposite forms of stance applicable to their peers. (3) any player loses his game, the right to serve first, then the player who served the partner of the first, then serve one of their opponents, then serve again another opponent serve, such transfer seving. (4) athletes must not have the wrong serve errors and receiving, or in the same innings in game two neutral. (5) of any player can win the game FuFang serve first in the next game, any of the athletes to receive first. (6) issued by the ball after the restrictions will no longer serve. The athletes in his position and ground free will hit the ground in any other place. 4 game rules: (1) the jobsite exchange (athletes should Ⅰ: exchange area, the first inning ended. Ⅱ, in the third inning. In the third inning Ⅲ, or just one game to game to 11 points. 2 not according to the above rules exchange athletes have found baita mountains, points to exchange immediately. (2) legal service: (1) serves to any party allows illegal delay. 2 starters and the receiver must stand in the oblique diagonal, serving and receiving the server can serve the feet touch, There are two feet of contact with the ground, not moving until the ball will be issued. 3 the player's racquets must hit the ball, meanwhile the ball player must be below the waist. 4 should be placed to instantly cue ball, thus make the ball boxes obviously lower than the entire player. Clap your hands holding 5 after the start, serve the racket must continuously be waved until the ball forward. 6 the ball out to fly upwards, if not have, shall fall into the receiver intercept the neutral zone. (3) badminton unauthorised (serve illegal violation. 2 when the server did not hit the ball. 3 when the ball over the net, serve after hanging in online or stop in the net. 4 when Ⅰ: game on the pitch and the ball down the line. Ⅱ, ball from the nets holes or from off-line through. Ⅲ, but the nets. Ⅳ, ball, ceiling or wall around the roof. Ⅴ, ball player of the body or clothes. Ⅵ flairing outside the ball, or else (due to the building of the structure, when necessary, place the badminton organization may formulate provisional regulations of the building badminton touch, but its organization veto). 5 when the ball game, the racquet or initial contact point is not the ball hitting the side of the ball, (with the ball over the net racket can). 6 during the competition, the athletes Ⅰ: racket, body or dress touched or support network. Ⅱ, athletes, with any body or racket into each other district level. Ⅲ rivals such as block or interfere with the other legitimate shot on the net. 7 when competition, the athlete intentionally distract attention, if any, posturings, etc. When Ⅰ:) and shot the ball in or stagnation in pat and then be towed. Ⅱ swing, the same athletes twice for hit the ball twice. Ⅲ, the same two players for each hit the ball again. Ⅳ ball, continue to fly back racquet. 9 the athlete violates the provisions game continuity. ⑩ athletes misconduct. (4) : 1) and unforeseeable serve or accidental circumstance, should be heavy to serve. 2 the ball hang, serve except in online or stop in nets, should be heavy to serve. 3 when serving player, and the receiver and violations, should serve heavy. 4 the player in the receiver for which we are unprepared, should serve to serve. Heavy 5 during the competition, the ball with other parts of the ball "should be completely separated, heavy service. 6 the linesman did not see the ball, referees cannot decide, should be heavy to serve. 7 "serve", serve is invalid, the last player to serve. Heavy primary (5) : (1) the ball hit the ball in the net, net and hang on. Stop in the network or 2 after the ball into the net, or in the ball fell to the ground. 3 the ball touches the ground. 4 "violation" or "serve". A service court error (6) : (1) serves sequence errors. 2 the neutral zone from error to serve. 3 the neutral zone in error, and to receive other ball has issued. A service court error (7) : if the referee method in the wrong before, should serve hit that heavy serve, Only one mistake and lost a leg, is not correct errors. 2 if the error in the next hit before serving, error is found not correct. 3 if a service court error and serve ", "the round is invalid, correcting errors heavy service. 4 if a service court error is not correct, also should proceed, and do not change the new neutral zone and athletes to serve the new order. (8) the game out of line, is in singles, a boundary. The line is the most outside doubles. The former defense singles, is the front line. After a short is the bottom line. In this service between two lines. The former defense for singles and doubles, as the front line, after a short just before the line. In this service between two lines. Badminton due to 16 feathers fixed in the ball ", feathers 64 mm to 70 mm, but every ball feathers from surface to feather's sharp length should be consistent. Feather top surrounded, diameter of 58 mm to 68 mm in diameter, torre ball to 28 mm, 25 mm round bottom, badminton heavy 4.6-5.50 grams. For the feathers, we insist the ball made of quality, performance and skirt shall not exceed 10 \ %. For the ball, must pass a test to use, the correct method is: standing in the lower court since, hand to hit the ball's flight, parallel to the direction of the ball, a qualified from each other, should fall in court since 53-99 cm. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] badminton commonly > <

h3, badminton cour sup > <

“gotoRef (regardless of) & 91, 1 & # 93, Badminton is a long 13.40 meters wide, doubles, singles 5.18 wide 6.10, site by both the central pillar (middle, high 1.55 metres-there 1.524 metres) average high net separate rectangle (please participation “game rules” of the appended drawings). Badminton cour transverse was equal to about two and a half middle area, Longitudinal is divided into the front and back in midfield,. Half-way up to the net is a field between, Backcourt refers to the doubles from court since a half-way between after field, Along with the former midfielder is after a half-way between doubles. 2, positioning and h3 > < / h3 ball in badminton athletes stand of position called stance. Stance has two kinds of circumstances, one kind is restricted stance. Such as: serve, when receiving the athletes must be required formation, standing in the area (the left hemisphere); the area or Another kind is not restricted to oneself or position, the companion (choose doubles) the stance. Such as: the stance in singles from former defense of 1 meter, near the doubles formation according to the specific tactics doubles two players to choose and around or stance. According to the division of badminton cour above, but is not restricted to the specific area is divided into: left stance, stations, right, up, positioning district position, back in midfield position position. Ball swing refers to the athletes, clap and ball contact moment. Athletes meet each other left standing in the area to the ball hitting left in the area, and is called the ball right hemisphere strokes, area is standing in the front and back of the ball in midfield, respectively, the ball in midfield, called the front hit back and shot. In addition, according to the different height, we can divide again started hitting the ball (above shoulder to shoulder), the ball hit points and stroke (below shoulder). h3, with three clap server h3 holds the racquet is correct clap hands. The server is no grip. In badminton sport, we often hear the forehand technology, technology, the forehand and backhand backhand shot, etc. So-called forehand grip technology refers to clap of technology; lateral Backhand technology refers to the opposite side of the technology is clapping. Such as: hand grip on the athletes, the ball is called the forehand technique used technology, and derives the forehand serve, forehand technology, technical name. In the badminton sport, the server’s main function is used to serve in the ball, a ball, In the process of ball to balance the body, so that more effectively. h3, the basic line ball > < / h3 so-called routes refers to hit the ball in the air by athletes after running track and field relationship. Badminton athletes routes is not numbered, only to a few lines of law badminton basic routes. We only by athletes (right handed) allowed three pitches forehand to analyse the ball. The name route, Article from his right to beat each other's names (line parallel to the line, 2) can be called to the right (lines and other line have larger Angle) can be called the diagonal, the article to the centerline of the other balls (lines and sideline have small Angle) can be called. Similarly, the backhand backcourt (front), three basic routes, also struck so called. In the specific name, and in a forehand, backhand. Such as: the forehand straight diagonal shot, road, the forehand backhand diagonal, etc. If the ball in the middle, such other address: hit the ground to play on the left slash, ground of right to slash, hit the ball in the middle road. In the name of badminton lines should notice the following questions: first to see the ball hit points and landing near where the stroke, near the right line, line and point and become the forehand near the road. Secondly, when used according to the ball backhand CuoQiu name, such as technology, can become the backhand rub linear, rub middle ball backhand. Anyhow, the basic route of badminton can be divided into five, namely: the Central Line, line, on line, the right (right), the diagonal cross-court cross-court (left) on diagonal. And according to the position of the ball player stood in the left (right), and each place, and on line, road, respectively, so it can slash nine lines derived. Badminton routes of description, but cannot the basic line so few, if we mastered the rules of our training, competition is beneficial. h3, pat face shape Angle and shoot > < / h3 direction Angle refers to clap form with the racquet face in perspective. Pat face direction means that the racquet face toward the shoot. Pat shape Angle can be divided into seven: under the racket face, a face before leaning, clap, clap, vertical side tilt racket face hind admire, clap, clap for surface later on. Pat face direction can be divided into three kinds: shoot facing left, pat face right, pat face before. Pat face shape Angle and took control of the direction of the influence on the quality of ball is very big, so we must carefully in every shot in good shape, adjust clap, clap surface meets the quality requirements for the ball. h3, ball > < / h3 so-called ball is the contact with the ball at that time and space. The stroke includes three aspects: first, including clap and ball point of contact is apart from the ground height, The second is the body contact points including around distance, From the body of the third include distance. Choose whether to hit points, the ball will determine the quality of, it will directly affect the athletes to hit the ball, speed, arc, placement, athletes will eventually lead to hit points, shooting, until the failure causes. So choose appropriate ball vital. Choosing appropriate hit points should be done as follows: first judgment to 2, the second footwork movement to (footwork). As long as it can guarantee the two most appropriate adjustments in the position of the stroke, a security. Modern badminton movement originated in the United Kingdom, 1860 in England, Glasgow county times minton manor held banquets, because of the rain, the guests to stay indoors, several return from India's retired officer will introduce a net and smite with the racquet game, this feeling has great interest. Later, people with times minton (Badminton) as The Times of the sport. Founded in 1893 British badminton association, 1899, held its first session of the British badminton championships. Then the badminton sport is to the world. Badminton is deeply loved by the masses of small ball games. Because it's not easy, sports equipment were two beat a ball, wherever they are, without nets, net of indoor and outdoor, only a small space, can perform activities and exercises. The unique style of badminton sport, it is a very competitive race technical project, on the other hand, it is a popularity is very strong, the activities of all ages. Can strengthen body, and full of fun. Whether in athletics sports, or general public fitness activities, to keep moving on the pitch, and swing. Therefore, young men and women often for badminton exercise, can promote the growth and improve the body all aspects of function, training does not fear the difficulty, unwilling backward, indomitable spirit of striving, so as to improve the physical and mental health. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] badminton > < / h2 original knowledge, play badminton racket always thought that the biggest expenditure, actually it is the most expensive. Ti – the YY a racket about 500 yuan, according to two times a week ball consumption three badminton calculation, a year to about 12 per dozen of RMB 40 if a ball, medium is ￥480 almost a Ti – 5, a feather as long as you don't shoot particularly unlucky, less said last 2-3 years, 5-6 years. Think out a senior year YONEX feather clap angry. No wonder that once saw a news said, one of Africa badminton championship from Nigeria in Africa, complain because of the low level of badminton afford sufficient badminton, because there is a ball to $1 training, financial unbearable. 1 the international badminton federation badminton game rules about the definition of badminton: 1: the ball can be natural materials, artificial materials or they made. If the ball's flight performance and use natural feathered and package of cork ball made of skins "the ball can be similar performance. 2: the ball should 16 feathers fixed in the ball." badminton feathers h3 > < / h3 3:62-70 mm long feathers, every ball feathers from ball's face to the length of the pointed to feather. 4: feather top surrounded, 58-68 mm in diameter. 5: feather application lines or other suitable material prominence. 6: the ball is spherical shape, torre bottom for 25-28 mm in diameter. 7:4.74 weight – 5.50 grams. 8: the feathers in the ball: 8.1: synthesis material.it skirt or as natural feathers of the ball. Mm: such rules 8.2 6 above. 8.3: ball size and weight should be as rule 3, 4 and 7 mentioned, But because of synthetic materials in proportion with feathers, performance, allowing no more than 10% of the error. 9: as long as the general pattern, ball speed and flight performance, the relevant organizations approved under special circumstances, can not use standard ball. Due to the elevation in climate: 9.1 conditions unfavorable use standard ball, Only can change 9.2 RPG game out.

2 badminton ball classification: excellent badminton with wool must adopt goose hair knife, if the sword is duck feathers and other wool is difficult to guarantee its quality. The ball is very complicated, due to the classification of state has no unified standard of classification, each manufacturer Numbers in the production of badminton is the label in the home, if have the same label products and cannot express their quality is the same. For example: JinHe factory in high-grade badminton, who is A word with “the products are used to live out in accordance with the sword, first white geese pinions for big, hairy type classification, according to the hair, then agglomerate quality into one, two, three, four, then according to the hair WanQiao each five standards, according to the thickness, the hair infarction of the thickness of the similar wool classified wool. In the same only badminton with 16 feathers must be the same as class and grade of the product, by the 16th root wool to guarantee the products should be consistent quality of flight. Cheap products, namely average entertaining > < / h3 h3 factory also USES white geese den ball, camel's hair, its processing technology and products to ensure consistent, attractive and durable. 3 the badminton ball head of > < / h3 h3 classification: according to the material of common: hard plastic, foam, cork these three, before two kinds of mainly used in badminton, entertaining low-grade into > < / h3 h3 the lower performance is poor. High-grade badminton are using natural cork qualitative, cork the ball ball head and can be roughly classified into three kinds: the whole cork ball head and composite cork ball head and regeneration cork ball head. They are as follows: the structure can be seen, the best ball head certainly is used by way of natural cork, head of the composite with low cost, the ball is not easy, but if the fracture strength to hit the bottom will greatly affect cork part to regenerate hit the scattered. And regeneration cork ball head with low cost, and smite the flight performance than the cork material ball head, although it is resistant to play the gender is poorer but can satisfy the specific needs of users, such as JinHe factory 204A is provide beginners with low cost competitive with the site in badminton, considering the beginner hitting power generally is not too large, the damage caused by the badminton is the main reason to strike the ball, so the cork ball head also don't easy to be hit, the flight performance can completely meet the demands and practice to improve the low cost but. In the course of different renewable cork factory house because the ball production craft its strength sometimes also can have bigger difference. In recent years, the ball head manufacturer and develop bionic plastic and natural cork Mosaic ball head, cheap, the effect is more ideal. 4 the badminton ball high quality maomao qualitative distinguish: the badminton feathers are must adopt high-quality goose. The goose is particularly strength, toughness, suitable for badminton request, but its cost is high and the supply of raw materials, so in some higher badminton factory adopts the duck wool from appearance, just difficult to distinguish between duck wool and hair, and exquisite workmanship duck wool badminton flight performance is good, because the hair two wool, its structure is not stem resistance than playing badminton to poor hair, in normal shots in easily broken, due to the duck wool much lower than goose duck wool, can effectively reduce the cost. 5 the glue badminton distinction: glue directly affect the quality of the firm, durable and badminton. Production badminton glue into two categories: senior resin glue and chemical glue. Senior resin glue in hardness, firmness in chemical glue, but it is better than the cost is higher, usually in the production of high-grade badminton. Example: the JinHe factory is adopted, 201A badminton 200A senior resin glue, other varieties of badminton are adopted high strength chemical glue, in order to guarantee the quality of each variety, containing all glue badminton than the national standard. 6 the product quality testing project: badminton test items commonly: stability and resistance to play sex, weight, size, speed, viscose firmness, cancels the line, such as solid test of these projects are generally not manufacturer also need not only the item by test, when consumer is buying a badminton according to the project of the above character of testing is concerned. 7. High-grade products and cheap product difference: in addition to look beyond the main difference between the ball's flight performance, namely the badminton stability, speed, and smote the deformation degree from the rotation, flying in the badminton, high-grade wool, a ball high demands of the 16 wool shape and quality requirements are almost the same, to guarantee the high standard requirement of badminton, causing its high prices. The velocity and badminton, weight, size of flight speed relations: the badminton in the same area mainly depends on its overall weight, size, type, wool, or with the ball ball, generally speaking the same weight of ball factory of badminton is fixed, such as the size of the golden brand standard for badminton caliber 66.5:0.5 mm, minus the mm in 67mm – 66, decided to velocity between the main factors in the overall weight and the ball ball head and body weight ratio on the ball, for the weight of the body with the ball than we have strict standards control to ensure the flight performance of the badminton. So the whole weight according to the ball will know it's roughly the speed, also can know it applies to any region. 9 different elevations climate region should choose how badminton? The most basic request of badminton is that the ball speed or weight must appropriate, or play up many techniques will be difficult to play. And the same kind of weight of badminton in different areas of flight speed and can make a big difference, because the ball's weight and height and the climate is extremely close relationship, high altitude QiMiDu small fly in the badminton when air resistance is small, so the high altitudes of badminton with some weight will ease. QiMiDu low altitude, badminton flight when air resistance is big, so low altitude of badminton is heavy weight with. With golden brand products, for example, Shanghai, guangzhou, 5.2 5.1 g: kunming: 4.7 grams, and chengdu: 490 grams. In addition, the temperature of the air dry, level of badminton speed also have certain effect, but the most obvious elevation. The use of overweight or light body to the badminton racket and have those ills? Badminton is overweight or the whole weight ball head shots in overweight, the vibration caused by large pinnate clap and feathers, for the impact, will reduce the feather clap and string life, the most obvious is the life will be large pinnate; on the other hand, due to shorten the vibrations will transfer to the hitter arm down for long arm will have some bad influence. And the weight of the badminton if too light, due to the ball, he will generate more power to achieve the goal, the ball so easy to cause the arm to arm damage and fatigue. So choose appropriate weight not only can make the badminton you better enjoy the badminton sport, still can reduce your risk of injury. 11 the production process, badminton? The production process is divided into: badminton, head of hair, the combination of three sections. Process: wash hair system, wool, choose, classification, er mao.what's WanQiao, and points. First process: the head of sand, head, baotou, baking, cutting, drilling and heavy. Combination: plant hair, injecting drying, cancels the line, adjustment, brushing glue dry, clean, weighing around the head, and produced, sorting, measuring stability test, weighing, packaging. = “scale-up h2 in this section] [editor of badminton sport development

modern badminton sport in 1910, the earliest introduced into China in Shanghai, guangzhou, tianjin, then in Beijing, chengdu and other cities in the ymca and school has developed. After the founding of new China, our party and government are very concerned about the people's health, sports got developing vigorously, badminton also gradually for the masses, and as one of the key projects in China. In 1953 in tianjin held its first national games, there were only five teams and players. In 1954, the return of the motherland, kore-eda and brought back to the advanced technology, while the badminton formed national team. Then several major Chinese in southeast coastal cities also established overseas Chinese youth for the athletes, "in the backbone of superstition, emancipating the mind, walk yourself's road", under the guidance of China badminton athletes at home and abroad are summarized the experiences and lessons and badminton sport, technical data of sports practice explored and constantly improve the training methods. Among them, the main technical team in fujian province in guangdong, mainly on the technique on the reform and footwork. And the successful experience of the Chinese table tennis, and through the years experience of training and competition, "I, with quick primarily, tapping the positive." Later, after continuous summary and perfect, gradually formed the Chinese badminton sport held fast, accurate, and living style. Chinese athletes in the world with a peak, YuTan technology bravely win honor for the country's ambition, absorb some of the foreign advanced sports training methods, diligently, conscientiously implement the "CongNan, strictly, starting from the actual combat, the great physiological load of exercise training" and "a" SanCong, sports training technical level has been further improved. But for political reasons, China did not join the international badminton federation, it did not attend world championships. But each in international relations, and the world was made strong, have achieved good results. By many as the telegraph "uncrowned godfather" title ", etc. 5 months until 1981, the international badminton federation in the international badminton federation resumed in the lawful seat, realized the dream of many Chinese athletes competing in the world - YuTan, for the world title, winning glory for the country. July 1981, the first session of the conference (Los Angeles), Chinese athletes ChenChangJie, SunZhiAn, YaoXiMing, zhang LiuXia and seized the single, double and four titles. In 1982, the first time that China has participated in the British badminton, won the women's singles titles, zhang XuRong/WuJianQiu doubles champion, won the women had won the men's singles championship strength. In the same year, for the first time in China, "Thomas cup" on the first day of 1 very adverse circumstance, striving to beat YuTan giants, but whitewashed championship. In 1984, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and China badminton girls won the 10th "YouBoBei". Subsequently, China has emerged again YangYang, ZhaoJianHua, XiongGuoBao, LiYongBo, TianBingYi and LinYing, WuDiQian, LiLingWei HanAiPing, such as YuTan world top players, thus further established the technical level in the world YuTan badminton based on the leading position in the world series, a series of many for the motherland, won the gold medal in China badminton glorious history of the period. In the 1990s, with the YangYang, ZhaoJianHua LiLingWei, a group of excellent athletes have appeared in retirement, temporarily for a rainy day, and Indonesia after years of fine figure, complete with the WangLianXiang attia, as a representative of the draft. In Europe, Korea, Malaysia, sometimes a new emerging, YuTan entered the era of "rival. In the Olympic Games in Barcelona, China badminton with gold that project. Until 1995 only gradually low, the first step lift sudirman ". In the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, GeFei/GuJun won the women's doubles champion, realized China badminton sport at the Olympic Games breakthrough. In 1997, the Chinese athletes won championships, "again" at the world championships in women's singles, three gold MEDALS, mixed and start again into a brilliant future together.

[编辑本段]羽毛球的著名运动员

国外： 姓名：彼得·盖德（Peter Gade） 性别：男 国籍：丹麦 生日1976.12.14 身高：1.84米 姓名：黄综翰（Wong Choonghann） 性别：男 国籍：马来西亚 生日：1977.2.17 身高：1.83米 姓名：陶菲克（Hidayat Taufik） 性别：男 国籍：印尼 生日：1981.8.10 身高：1.78米 姓名：哈菲兹（Hashim Hafiz） 性别：男 国籍：马来西亚 生日：1982.9.13 身高：1.86米 姓名：西吉特（Budiarto Sigit） 性别：男 国籍：印尼 生日：1975.11.24 身高：1.73米 姓名：柳镛成（Yoo Yong-sung） 性别：男 国籍：韩国 生日：1974.10.25 身高：1.71米 姓名：河泰权（Ha Tae-kwon） 性别：男 国籍：韩国 生日：1975.4.30 身高：1.87米 姓名：孙升模（Shon Seung Mo） 性别：男 国籍：韩国 生日：1980.7.1 身高：1.82米 姓名：李敬元（Lee Kyung-won） 性别：女 国籍：韩国 生日：1980.1.21 身高：1.60米 姓名：张海丽（Mia Audina-Tjiptawan） 性别：女 国籍：荷兰 生日：1979.8.22 身高：1.61米 姓名：米仓加奈子（Yonekura Kanako） 性别：女 国籍：日本 生日：1976.10.29 身高：1.66米 姓名：黄妙珠（Wong Mew Choo） 性别：女 国籍：马来西亚 生日：1983.5.1 身高：1.65米 姓名：李宗伟（Lee Chong Wei）性别：男 国籍：马来西亚 生日：1982.10.21 身高：1.74米

李宗伟

姓名：李万华 性别：男 国籍：马来西亚 生日：未知 身高：1.83米 国内： 林丹（Lin Dan1983.10.14）男 籍贯：福建龙岩 1.78米 ，现世界排名第二。 The 2008 Beijing Olympic champion. BaoChunLai Bao (Chunlai 1983.02.17), male, place of origin: hunan changsha height: 191cm currently ranked third in the world. CaiYun (Cai Y a n, 1980, jan 19), male, a native of jiangsu suzhou, height 1.82 m. The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games men’s doubles silver LiYongBo (1962 September 18 -) male athletes in China badminton doubles. Many won a World Cup, the world grand prix finals champion, the British badminton championship. Current China badminton team coach. WuJianQiu (1962 -) male, jiangsu nantong, national athletes, international sports, the champion of the world. FuHaiFeng, male, China badminton men’s doubles athletes, guangdong, China CaiYun partner with the LiYongBo after TianBingYi, after all the open champion (2005). After the ball game to kill. The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games men’s doubles silver LiLingWei (1964 -), Chinese women athletes, lishui, zhejiang badminton. Main characteristics is strong, fast speed, damage, the net technology pitches. She is the history of the world first world championship, the World Cup, the world series championships and the grand prix finals in the women’s singles gold badminton players. By the YuTan YuTan known as “queen” and “generation badminton queen” and so on the title. Zhang ning (1975 May 15 -), female, a native of liaoning province, the right hand grip, and YeZhaoYing period since 1994, national badminton began on behalf of the China YouBoBei battle. Is the typical built in 2003, who won the first world only personal world champion, 2004 Athens Olympic champion, analyzed the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Olympic history became the first successful title this project gold MEDALS. XieXingFang (1981 January 18 -), female, a native of guangdong, China badminton athletes, the 2008 Beijing Olympics woman. ZhaoJianHua (1965 -) male, jiangsu nantong, 1985 and 1990 the championship, 1987, the World Cup champion, 1988 and1990 Thomas cup winning group, 1991 world championships singles, 1991 world badminton singles finals. In the late 1980s YuTan world “is one of the four major Kings”. SunJun (1975, June 3 -), male, nanjing, jiangsu, the world champion. He GeFei and YuTan world “fairy. GeFei (1975 on October 9 -), female, jiangsu nantong, world champion, an Olympic champion. GuJun (1975 January 3 -), female, born in wuxi, jiangsu province, the world champion, Olympic champion. She GeFei with the so-called “with a pair of.” GaoLing (1979 March 14 -), female, wuhan dialect, China badminton athletes, 15 times won the world championship, become the Chinese badminton athletes won a world championship in 2000, the most Olympic partner with 48 won gold MEDALS in 2004, mixed defending the two gold, and in 2000 and 2004 Olympic bronze and silver women HuangSui (1981 January 8 -), female, hunan province, China badminton athletes origin. DongJiong, Beijing. Born in 1973, 18 years of age to join China international, 1996 Olympic Games get men’s singles champion. That won the World Cup champion, 1997, the Chinese open open, Switzerland, Denmark is open and open. 2003,71 (1977 November 26 -), male, a native of jiangsu suzhou, China badminton athletes. The 2000 games and win the gold medal GaoLing partner mixed in 2004, two gold MEDALS in the title! ChenJin (1986 jan. 10 -), male, hebei, many badminton open champion, 2006 and 2008 Thomas cup champion, China badminton potential men’s singles player. The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games open. Currently fourth in the world GongZhiChao (1977 May 3 -), female, hunan we, 2000 Sydney Olympic women’s singles. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] badminton beginner cautions > < / h2) in our body before hitting, don't let above the ball to the neck, back or below the height of the ball without damage. 2) holds to clap as keeping a relaxed, maximum power of the wrist. 3) in singles, immediately after every shot back center position. In doubles defense should return with companion, and in parallel position doubles partner and attack should keep the position, and serve in doubles, send a short ball forward to immediately after a short opponent censorship. 4) in singles, unless the spike, don't hit the ball in midfield, as play two horns. 5) on the forehand or forceful strokes, the body should turn to the ball rotation to stand side feet. 6) to serve as the singles, doubles high to serve the ball's flight route to close on the net, serve to change. 7) in rules allowed within the scope of other possible multi-purpose feints confused, but do not reveal his intentions beforehand. playing high ball, to accurately the ball's flight direction, the ball will play and to each other. 9) when the ball ball hang, short line, and as close to the net. 10) spike should as far as possible from the opponent, or a direct hit each other or shoulder clap your hands grip. 11) when you need the breathing at or to play a lofty goal, and then back to the center position. 12) for beginners, court since is usually the backhand weak area, should pay attention to play its weaknesses. 13) in the frontcourt hit golf, should as far as possible, by means of the score is important to spike, but do not place the ball hit high and short, it is usually to kill the opportunity. 14) many athletes have their own unique style, and therefore must be able to judge the ball into the appropriate time, the place, but don't expose yourself to the trend. 15) in doubles game, to lift force racket, if the hair is low, and serve immediately. 16) if you're scoring, don't change, if the play is losing ground, it shall immediately adjustment, if you play the elegance of continuous attack doesn't work, can play a lofty goal, and then find aircraft to attack. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] badminton > < / h2 sep knowledge classification (raw badminton feather level difference) : 1, the goose feathers material: mainland China in three points: every year, MAO areas in sichuan province, April to July (anhui, China wool in jiangsu and zhejiang province), each July to October (northeast three provinces in northeast MAO), every October – December manufacturing good play badminton fitness, in sichuan, heavy hairy, durable, beautiful feathers make the ball in northeast China, the hair. Suitable for their best to choose a!!!! 2 and feathers to cut rates: a duck, ZuoYouYi, an average of about every 16 feathers. A goose, ZuoYouYi, an average of about 20 feather. Game (A) above, left and right wing, the duck about 3-4, 5-6 goose. BiaoZhunJi (B), left and right wing, the duck, goose, about 4 root four. BiaoZhunJi (C), left and right wing, the duck, goose, about 4 root four. A badminton need 16 arrangement to constitute the same Angle of fine feathers fly ball, plus the smooth, white feather appearance, can it is super badminton. According to the classification of badminton ball head of material of common: hard plastic, foam, cork these three, before two kinds of mainly used in badminton, entertaining low-grade lower cost of poor performance. High-grade badminton are using natural cork qualitative, cork the ball ball head and can be roughly classified into three kinds: the whole cork ball head and composite cork ball head and regeneration cork ball head now ball head has two kinds: one kind is full of cork ball head, low quality of cork material easy craze, one is a fiber composites (artificial head cork cricket ball head), the material of strength. The head of Taiwan fine cricket ball head upper structure: for fiber materials about the 13MM around for cork. The soft this three kinds: 1, the small particles and hardness in pieces of cork shaw 60 of the cork factory (Taiwan), 2 pieces of cork, big particles, hardness, clearly in the above 60 (Shanghai); the ball head, 3 and the whole cork 13MM (Shanghai chongming island cork factory patent) hardness shaw above 60. From the above three balls first use situation, dozen degree far better, because most of the whole cork is one of the main reasons of the cork ball head will craze, graphic board ball head basically no cracking occurs. Pat feeling better after the ball is two, a clear voice, and not sticky. Generally think of small particles broken cork ball head must not after two good. A double cork – that is Complexcork board (Taiwan), badminton, Durability (hard) to ascend above 30%. Badminton production cycle and play sex requirement: a goose to slaughter, hatch from general growth cycle is 120 days, goose infarction glial layer of sponge inside and, therefore, are basic to grow mature degree will be playing badminton resistance is good. With scientific progress and global warming, a goose's growth cycle currently only 90 days, so the growth cycle of relative 120 days for sure is playing a poor resistance to some degree. MAO infarction and sponge tissue layers are not mature is the main reason. (technology is improved, the climate is average feed temperature rise 2-3). How to make more resistant to play badminton? Prepare a bowl of boiling water, will shortly after the ball badminton part submerged in water for 2-3 minutes, don't let water baptism to the ball first part, low temperature can't cool water should be timely into boiling water. Soak the ball out after 2007 notice must paper can use, so the feather with good toughness as not directly on the ball in play the ball will improve resistance of many. Special attention should be paid to handle after the 5-6 days should be used to handle time, another if buy is due to its structure and fluff duck, goose earlier strength of will not effect. Its reason: 1, more oil than goose duck wool, 2, the duck wool sponge rarely easy absorption steam, so the effect is not obvious. Badminton cour standard badminton game for a rectangle 13.40 meters in length, width, site composites for doubles, wide field for singles 5.18 meters. Pitch for various line 4 cm long, wide when measured from the outside of the line. The boundary stadium white, yellow or other identification of color to paint. According to international rules, the stadium for the space over the minimum 9 meters, at this height, can not have any beams or other obstacles around the stadium within 2 meters, there shall not any obstacles. For any two of the stadium, it must be at least 2 metres. Around the stadium for brunet wall, can have the best wind. Badminton nets standard long 6.10, badminton nets for quality, 76 centimeters wide darker natural or man-made fiber, pore size in 15-20 mm, network along with 75 seam width should be folded cloth (double), and fine steel wire or nylon cord from interlining, firmly in between two posts on. The standard should be tan or light green. The high 1.55 metres-there whether singles, doubles and or posts shall be separately in the halfway point of the field line doubles. Formal contest, the net on the middle ground must be 1.524 along the meters high and high 1.55 metres at both ends. With the ends of the net to fasten, there should be no lack between them. = “scale-up h2 [editor this paragraph] successive Olympic badminton winners > < / h2 29th 2008 Beijing Olympic gold medal bronze men's singles Lin (China) LiZongWei (Malaysia) ChenJin (China) singles zhang ning (China) XieXingFang (China), maria? Christine? Set (Indonesia) doubles markov Keith? Quito, Alexandra? Plug the million (Indonesia's FuHaiFeng), CaiYun (China) LiZaiZhen, HuangZhiWan (Korea), DuJing oceanic women LiXiaoZhen (China), LiJingYuan (Korea), WeiYiLi (China) ZhangYaWen mixed LongDa lee (Korea), LiXiaoZhen noirtier? 维迪安托，利利亚纳（印度尼西亚）何汉斌，于洋（中国） 第二十八届 2004年 雅典奥运会 项目 金牌 银牌 铜牌 男单 陶菲克（印尼） 孙升模（韩国） 索尼（印尼） 女单 张宁（中国） 张海丽（荷兰） 周蜜（中国） 男双 金东文/河泰权（韩国） 李东秀/柳镛成（韩国） 林培雷/徐永贤（印尼） 女双 杨维/张洁雯（中国） 高崚/黄穗（中国） 罗景民/李敬元（韩国） 混双 张军/高崚（中国） 罗伯特森/埃姆斯（英） 埃里克森/美蒂（丹麦） 第二十七届 2000年 悉尼奥运会 项目 金牌 银牌 铜牌 男单 吉新鹏（中国） 叶诚万（印尼） 夏煊泽（中国） 女单 龚智超（中国） 马丁（丹麦） 叶钊颖（中国） 男双 吴俊明/陈甲亮（印尼） 李东秀/柳镛成（韩国） 金东文/河泰权（韩国） 女双 葛菲/顾俊（中国） 杨维/黄楠雁（中国） 秦艺源/高崚（中国） 混双 张军/高崚（中国） 特里古斯/许一敏（印） 阿彻/古德（英格兰） 第二十六届 1996年 亚特兰大奥运会 项目 金牌 银牌 铜牌 男单 拉尔森（丹麦） 董炯（中国） 拉·西德克（马） 女单 方铢贤（韩国） 张海丽（印尼） 王莲香（印尼） 男双 里奇/雷西（印尼） 谢顺吉/叶锦福（马） 苏明强/陈金和（马） 女双 葛菲/顾俊（中国） 吉永雅/张惠玉（韩国） 秦艺源/唐永淑（中国） 混双 金东文/吉永雅（韩国） 朴柱奉/罗景民（韩国） 刘坚军/孙曼（中国） 第二十五届 1992年 巴塞罗那奥运会 项目 金牌 银牌 铜牌 男单 魏仁芳（印尼） 威·阿迪（印尼） 托·劳尔森（丹麦）苏桑托（印尼） 女单 王莲香（印尼） 方铢贤（韩国） 黄华（中国）唐九红（中国） 男双 朴柱奉/金文秀（韩国） 洪忠中/郭宏源（印尼） 李永波/田秉义（中国）拉·西德克/贾·西德克（马） 女双 黄惠英/郑素英（韩国） 关渭贞/农群华（中国） 吉永雅/沈恩婷（韩国）林燕芬/姚芬（中国）

[编辑本段]羽毛球附加技术

跳杀技术学习 以右手握拍为例，如果你是左手那就相反，要领有以下： 1、准备杀球之前先侧身，左脚在前，两脚的脚尖着地，并且用快速的后退步伐后退，使击球点在你的右肩前上方。 Because the ball after word can play on the golf. 2 and kill the ball before body hind admire, basic type, such as bow to your body USES all his strength. 3 and kill the ball before grip palms and relax, must handle to crack between, it is the most important, because only to relax to smash the ball with draw strength, or if it has been very tight grip strength is sure that the wrist. At the moment to kill the ball hard to kill the ball. The racquet grip 4 and killed by the moment of the ball’s fingers of the wrist and fingers (mainly index), like pumping whip explosive, this also is all backcourt technology badminton, and tennis, absolutely not to jilt big arms, otherwise the ball past after neither speed and will make you hurt. 5、起跳的时候大概在球开始下落的时候，并且双腿要先保持微屈的姿势，靠脚尖蹬地的力量起跳杀球，杀球后立即转身，左脚在后且先着地，右脚落地后即回到场地中心位置。

跳杀动作

像林丹、陶菲克那样精彩的扣杀球，除了要具备绝对的技术和弹跳以外，还有一些必不可少的前提基础： 1、出众的胸肌。因为杀球特别是他们那样的跳杀球是要把全身有限的力量全部用在杀球的瞬间，使球的速度达到及至。作为女选手，起跳杀球很少，但是无论什么样的杀球，都要在杀球之前先要将身体后仰成弓形，然后身体的力量由腰到胸再到上肢最后作用到球上。胸作为中转站，胸肌就有着至关重要的作用，所以做为男选手，练好胸肌是最重要的前提。 2、熟练的杀球能力。在你具备了身体的外部前提后，平时从原地到后退的杀球（包括正手和头顶）必须熟之又熟，并且落点要到位。 3、体能练习要保持。因为他们的跳杀球是先要后退移动再起跳杀球，而后还要迅速上网，这样反复的进攻没有充沛的体能是根本做不到的。即使是原地的跳杀球也是很消耗体力的，所以体能要保持。 4、此外弹跳能力也很重要，因为跳的高击球点抢的就高，球就有威胁 鉴于以上，平时要做的是要多练练羽毛球的专项素质：蛙跳、高抬腿跑、前后左右跳等等。再有就是练好基本的杀球后再像他们那样发展大规模的起跳杀球。 用球拍拍捡起球 羽毛球落在地上时从上望往下看是个V字形状.你用球拍的一边靠上V字的一边,但不可碰到.否则球回滚动,要重新调整位置.(不过等熟练以后就可以碰到球的一侧了,因为这个时候你可以以相当快的速度把球钩起,球还没滚就被你钩起来了.) 刚刚开始尝试的时候球拍的中心轴和地面的角度可以小一点,45度以下或更低,拍面和地面是90度。人一定要弯腰哦,电视里的运动员也都是弯腰的. 准备动作做好了，下面是更关键的要领。（先讲正确的握拍方法。将手平放在拍弦上,然后下滑到拍柄根部抓握；或者把球拍平放在桌面上，闭上眼，将球拍拿起。）假设你是右手握拍的。这时右手让拍子旋转，就好象要把球抄起来。此时才是真正的关键。右手手腕继续让拍子旋转。因为刚刚的抄球动作让球有一个向左的运动。继续旋转球拍，让贴球着的拍面旋转到一个可以阻止球向左运动的角度。在做旋转球拍的动作的时候，只要球被你抄起来了，就要边旋转拍面阻止球向左运动，边把身体挺直了。 分两种，一种叫侧滑，一种叫下压 侧滑就是让羽毛球球托对着自己，然后拍子从侧面铲过去，注意，拍子大概以80～45度角竖直，用拍框带起球，然后渐渐放平。铲的同时球技术好可以不用碰到地板，室外不要用，太磨损拍子。 下压比较难，用拍头压球毛，尾部尖端的地方，利用球自己的弹性形变跳到球拍上，或者把球压下，一直到球托向上立着，这样直接用拍框触碰球毛的侧面，球倒的时候重心向拍面，稍为控制球拍放平就可以了。 重点就是以侧面切侧面，保持球的侧面与拍子平行，球头对着自己或前面都无所谓。练到一定程度，角度大点，不那么侧面对侧面也可以弄起来。手上发力的重点是，不要用手臂，用手腕来翻转球拍的力，把球舀上来。

[编辑本段]羽毛球著名品牌

国外

1.YONEX（尤尼克斯） YONEX羽拍是世界最出名的羽拍品牌,也是每一个羽毛球爱好者都想拥有的羽拍，为了统治羽拍市场也为了尽量满足不同使用需求YONEX研发了大量的型号，让人眼花缭乱。作为世界知名的球拍专业制造商，尤尼克斯Yonex完全体现日本工艺的精益求精，羽毛球拍牢牢占据世界第一的地位，同时网球拍也得到许多知名球星的喜爱 2.wilson wilson网球拍的世界销量最大，旗下拥有桑普拉斯，威廉姆斯等顶尖网球高手，新拍层出不穷，产品线异常丰富，必有一款适合你。 3.tactic 泰迪羽毛球系列创建于70年代末，为丹麦，德国，英国，意大利等欧洲国家羽毛球对选为专用产品，产品用料精细，品质控制严格，产品设计达到国际先进水平。 4.head 是来自奥地利的网球品牌，目前唯一大部分的高档球拍均在奥地利本土设计、生产的高贵品牌，技术创新能力在业界享有盛誉，开发出第一款钛合金球拍，第一块主动避震的智能压电球拍，精益求精的名牌品质保证，为您迎来球场生涯中最精彩的一刻！ 5.dunlop 早期生产轮胎的英国品牌。1912年生产了一个DUNLOP网球。1928年推出网拍系列。其网球器材一直世界领先，羽毛球等器材装备方面也一直享有极高声誉。DUNLOP（邓禄普）一向被世人誉为“球拍专家”。 6.BABOLAT 法国著名的羽球运动品牌，迄今已有近百年的历史，现在已成为欧洲最大的羽拍品牌之一，BABOLAT（百保力）羽拍设计风格独特，有五大结构设计特点：外观以磨砂面为主、羽线采用Hyperbraid技术生产、球感好、包装精良、但价格昂贵，堪称贵族羽线。

参考资料

1.

羽毛球

http://www.ballmm.cn/ballmm/4

扩展阅读：

1.http://shuttlecock.blog.sohu.com/64931027.html

2.http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/40442184.html?si=1&wtp=wk

3.http://www.bingdao.cn/thread-361-1-1.html

4.http://www.csiso.com/member/show_doc.php?id=150

5.http://www.list-company.com/company/list/i180590-r/Sporting-Goods.shtml

6.http://zhidao.baidu.com

7.http://www.yyii.org/article/988.htm

8.http://2008.qq.com/a/20080405/000165_3.htm

9.http://2008.qq.com/a/20080405/000165_2.htm

10.http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=439870310

11.http://www.ballmm.cn

12.http://www.5ifit.com/viewnews-44645

开放分类：运动，体育，生活，体育器材，球类运动

[我来完善]“羽毛球”相关词条：

更多足球棒球网球保龄球冰球排球手球地掷球壁球藤球毽球篮球游泳水球轮滑球体操高尔夫铁人三项射击定向越野短跑乒乓球跳水跑垒员陈金垒球轮椅网球盲人门球五人制足球乒乓滑冰射箭轮滑羽毛球拍台球板羽球飞镖软式排球三人篮球拔河斯诺克高尔夫球健美英式台球男子体操接力赛跑盲人柔道凯旋羽毛球抢七局高尔夫球Tee七彩阳光意识篮球裁判

“羽毛球”在汉英词典中的解释(来源：百度词典)：1.[Sports] badminton 2.a shuttlecock

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]]> http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/badminton/feed/ 0 studychineseschool http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/the-nile/ http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/the-nile/#comments Tue, 14 Sep 2010 02:56:27 +0000 studychineseschool http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/?p=14826 ]]> > < / h3 Nile river "onclick =" "” gotoRef (auto-reconnect) & 91, 1 & # 93, A word first appeared in more than 2,000 years ago. It’s about two sources: one is derived from Latin “Nile” (meaning) is nil “impossible”. Because the Nile middle long ago, but because the waterfall inhabited region, make people think understanding of heyuan is impossible, so the Nile. 2 “the Nile” is a term of ancient Egyptian pharaoh, king Nebuchadnezzar nilus (name) rose evolved. The Nile river for “- Arab semantics. “The Nile, the Nile river”, that is longer than the Sudanese people praise of the Nile. In addition, the Nile or the henan husbandry friendly leather industry flagship brand in a car seat, China’s first car cushion.

[editor this section > < / h2 general] the world – the Nile river Nile), Africa (the father of the river, is located in the northeast of Africa, is an international rivers. The Nile originated in Africa northeast Burundi plateau (explorers believe the Nile is located in the birthplace of Rwanda should be united with tropical forests, the origin of the debate about the Nile since the 1950s, flows) has been existing Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan and countries such as Egypt, and finally into the Mediterranean. Since the card, main Kagara (river), the source to the estuary 6671 kilometers, is the world's longest river flow. Tributaries flows through Kenya, Ethiopia and still Congo (golden), eritrea, etc. River area is about 335 million square kilometers, accounting for the African continent area one-ninth, estuary place average annual runoff 8.1 million cubic meters. From this had 4, latitude 35, latitude 31. Many. The Nile is the cover by card, white Nile river three rivers, green and blue Nile confluence (originating from the Ethiopian plateau white Nile originated in Burundi, the main supply is Nile highlands in Khartoum rendezvous). The Nile river downstream into many branching into the Mediterranean, these branches in the delta plain rivers flow. Delta area of 24,000 square kilometers, flat, is presented, the cradle of the ancient Egyptian culture, but also the modern Egyptian political, economic and cultural center. The Nile river delta is downstream valley of the earliest cradles of human civilization, ancient Egypt was born here. So far, Egypt is still the most population and 96% industrial and agricultural production focus here. Therefore, the Nile is regarded as the lifeline of Egypt. For thousands of years, every 6 ~ 10 months the Nile flooding regularly. In August, the highest rise when the river flooded fields, both large after people moved to high transients. After October, floods, brought the Nile plenty of soil. In these fertile h3 through in the desert Nile > < / h3, people planted on the soil crops such as wheat, rice, cotton filling. In the arid desert region forms a "green corridor". "Egypt is circulated in Egypt, the Nile is the mother of Egypt." The Nile is the source of life, the egyptians for coastal people she amassed a fortune, creates the ancient Egyptian civilization. 6,700 kilometres Nile created pyramid, created in ancient Egypt, create a miracle of mankind. Nowadays, more than 90 percent of the population are distributed in the Nile delta region and coastal plain. Egypt is their life said the mother. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] river

the Nile river basin is divided into seven regional: east lake area, the rivers, plateau area, green white Nile river area, north of the Nile, Khartoum barak riverfront district and the Nile delta. The flow of hebei, Tanzania and Uganda and Rwanda, from the west lake first into Africa lake Victoria. The Nile river source on the lake Victoria, says the Nile. Rivers and lakes, and through the base lake, outflow said Albert, the river Nile Albert and bart river, says the white Nile mingled. Another source of the central highlands Ethiopia with white Nile river in Sudan and mourinho, then cascade in a major final acceptance of meyer’s tributaries, says the Nile river barak. The Nile to northwest around a S, after three falls into reservoir after the nasser. The reservoir water by the Nile delta in Egypt’s capital, after entering into several branch, and finally into the Mediterranean. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] > < / h2 hydrological characteristics of the Nile with regular flooding in Sudan, northern usually may start up water, reached the highest level in August, after falling water, 1-5 months to low level. Although there is a flood of water, but the time and tide. This phenomenon is blue Nile river, barak, and the two rivers of water from the Ethiopian highlands seasonal rains. The Nile river 80% is provided by the Ethiopian plateau, the rest of the water from the east lake plateau. The flood, will flood the cross-strait farmland, flood, and will leave a backward, thick mud fertile soil. Five years ago, and the egyptians will know how to grasp of the rules and utilization of flood cross-strait fertile land. For a long time, the Nile valley is continuous, cotton DaoHua fragrance. In the Sahara desert and the Arabian desert around in the Nile, winding clamping like a green, full of profile of infinite vitality. h3 near Dallas Egypt Dan river

white Nile originated in the water DuoYuOu, rich and stability. But in outflow plateau, because after entering basin, topography, unusually slow flow is flat, born of water plant propagation delay, the flow in low or dry areas of sunlight, which has strong evaporation loss of water can flow into huge and downstream water rarely. White Nile river junction with green in the annual average flow is about 890 cubic meters, the second half of the green. The Nile water downstream from the Ethiopian plateau mainly from the Nile river, pyrrhus cable, and barak, with blue Nile river is the most important. Cable bart river, it is the white Nile tributaries in May start up water, highest level in November, a higher than the cable butt cap, the white Nile and make its move backward, thus strengthening the white Nile water evaporation upstream. Blue Nile originated in Ethiopia’s plateau lake, upstream in tropical mountain DuoYuOu, water is rich. Due to the sharp seasonal rainfall is strong, the flow of the year. The spring water, June rose water, then is rising rapidly, and reached a peak in early September. During this time, it will also make white Nile form flowing. November to December, after falling water is dry. The minimum flow water per 100 cubic meters, not for maximum flow during the tenth six. Also, the hair from barak, due to the position of the Ethiopian plateau north, more centralized, with its rainfall basin area is small, so the flow change more. Winter, as a series of small river dry-up lakes. The Nile river flows is very long, river water in the desert where they lost only. Due to the river source area of tropical rain, there is huge, although in the desert along the route traffic due to evaporation, seepage and loss of runoff, still can maintain a long river water of the river. This is not like the Nile by local convergence of runoff and the river flows, simply, called the guest river. Local climatic conditions for the formation of the “no positive role, only the negative impact. Left in Cairo is more near intersection. The Nile river flood in June to September, jose mourinho and reached the highest level. Cairo’s crest on October appear. The Nile, 60% of all the water from the Nile, green white Nile supply by 32%, left, 8% from calledpara the river. But according to the water, and great changes. In the middle, the Nile water during the white Nile, 68% l0 mountain, river barak % 22 percent, In the water, the water drop for 17% in over-wintering ko, white Nile rises to 83%, but has no time to flow, barak river runoff. The water in a river Nile in proportion to the size of the changes and the river basin, and the amount and distribution characteristics of precipitation is closely related to the season. = “scale-up h2 [editor this section water system composition] > < / h2 river is a very ancient river, about 65 million years ago in the Eocene, river has happened to many changes, but it is always to the north. In the update h3 the Nile valley distribution h3, juba and was a great lakes between Khartoum, lake by existing green, white Nile. Later, the lake basin edge higher, through the canyon, north of Khartoum to the north along the Nile empties into the Mediterranean Sea, then the Nile river appeared now. h3 >

, <

from mourinho lai to Khartoum (middle) for the Khartoum, long 1930km, called the White Nile (White Nile river, which Malakal malachy card (above) and jie baylor (Bahr El Jebel) river, the largest tributary blue Nile river Nile) B1uc (in Khartoum downstream. Jose mourinho, Malawi, lai to reach said Jeremy card baylor river. Juba below which flows through the area 900km section is that the soviet-german marshes. Right after the marshes from the river, the river accept soapy bart runoff. Thereafter until the river for more than half the Khartoum desert region. Jose mourinho from ten to Khartoum lai, jose mourinho 930km whole 80m. h3 downstream section > < / h3 white Nile river after the merge and downstream of weihe river is called, is long, 3000km. The Nile through the Sahara desert in Cairo, north into deltas, in the delta of the east, and west is divided into two teams into the Mediterranean. In Khartoum, the Nile is green reach into the Nile. Say after The Khartoum to Aswan process about 1850km 290m, Taiwan, in desert areas, who are mainly, barak river. By the Aswan to Cairo, small flow 900km about. Start from Cairo 20km downstream, the Nile delta area, enter ~ 2.4 million km2, 2.2 and lakes, from the han river is the largest DuM and river and LaiXiDe river, each river 200km in long. h3 chief tributary

the Nile have AQiu watts (main tributaries Achwa) river, giza (Gazelle) river, bart (Sobat), the Nile river, and Atbara parana (river). The white Nile white Nile is the source of the African plateau Burundi. The Nile is the upper lid pull river, it card originate in Burundi, downstream into lake Victoria. The lake into base by Owen waterfall, add lake lake Victoria, after the name of rehgar falls into abbott lake. The lake from north of the Nile, o bethel. Since the name below the tired, wood white Nile. The Nile, most people in the tributary known and the white Nile river, a graceful and restrained, a bold and unrestrained, is often used to describe the lover “. White Nile shun north east side plateau, narrow valleys deep, many of them falls. Since the wanderers, white Nile flows northward shallow swamps, flat, river basin water slowly in numerous born with the papyrus aquatic plants. White river basin, north outflow meet successively cable, the Nile river bart barak, and no branch river, below. British explorer, John hendrix SiPiKe 1862, better on July 28 found the Nile in lake Victoria “headstream”, then calculated for 5588 kilometers, the length of the source is found far east lake in Burundi, the birthplace of the card. Blue Nile river Nile is the biggest youth, 1700km tributary basin area, about for 3.25 million km2. Originated in Ethiopia GaoYuanGe JiaM highland, north into a lake, it’s called small river, and in ko. Blue Nile’s from hunan after the outflow to Sudan, river and border says, because lava obstruction, south to bypass bill (4154m) at an altitude of han, and northwest enter Sudanese territory. In the process, 860km river 1320m decline, slope of for 50. Many waterfall rushing along, the most famous is the waterfall, essien Sartre. It’s located shore downstream of hunan BaHaEr about 30km of 45.8 elevation, plunge. The waterfall above about 3km place and o la law meters waterfall, 6m. O baal in Ethiopia river territory outflanking, tossing and acceptance of many tributaries. These tributaries are mainly concentrated in the leftbank, admiration, jia bajio region.so MuGeEr river, and SaHe DE and the jebusites, river water stream. Perennial Both right and small rivers, the less there is perennial water tributary of the steep slope, rice “flow. This section water retention, due to rapid lyzed.grid-type. Due to the green white dry seasons distinct source, quantity, Ethiopian plateau along the loss and small, so the hydrological features and the white Nile contrary. These are: (1) the large amount, 2 divide; 2 inter-annual variation and flow season. CARDS cover the cover the card and east African rivers. The source of the southwestern Burundi, Virginia LuWuWu river and the ancient dragon tiles and convergence. Through Uganda and Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, inject lake Victoria, 400 kilometers long. Upstream flows through a robust Sue mo waterfalls, Smooth water flow downstream, rich, navigable. Rivers flow is the elder lake Victoria, generally have been considered the source of the Nile. 加扎勒河 由发源于苏丹西南部高原的耶伊河、朱尔河、洛尔河等“条河湖(多数为季节性河湖)组成帅时L勒水系从左岸汇入杰贝勒河。加扎勒河湖域沼泽面积达4万km2，除朱尔河之外，其它所有支湖均消失于大沼泽中，每年注入尼罗河的水量很少。 索巴特河 该河流向西北，在马拉卡勒以南汇入白尼罗河。是白尼罗河右岸支流，由巴罗河与皮博尔河汇流而成，从巴罗河源头计起全长730km，流域面积25万km2，每年6—12月为雨季，河水很

大，最大流量发生在11月。河口平均流量412m3/s。雨季从河口至纳绥尔城300km河段可通航。 阿特巴拉河 阿特巴拉河是尼罗河最后—条支流，源自塔纳湖以北的贡德尔地区，河长1120km。主要支流有特克泽河．特克泽河发源于埃塞俄比亚高原东北部北纬12。，东经39。30′附近．至苏丹境内舒沃克流入阿特巴拉河，流程约864km，河床比降1：800。阿特巴拉河接纳特克泽河后进入苏丹粘土平原，经500km左右的流程在阿特巴拉汇入尼罗河于流，比降为1:4000。 虽然阿特巴拉河与青尼罗河一样源自埃塞俄比亚高原，但缺乏像塔纳湖那样的天然水库，因此水文特征较之青尼罗河，又不尽相同：①年平均径流量为120亿m3，是尼罗河重要支流之一。②为季节性河流，每年1—5月河床干涸，讯期集中在7～9月，8月份流量最大，达2037m3／s。河水暴涨暴落，流量季节变化之大比青尼罗河更甚。③河流泥沙较多。 尼罗河的全部水量中，60％来自青尼罗河，32％由白尼罗河供给，剩下8％来自阿特巴拉河。但洪水期和枯水期有很大变化。在洪水期，尼罗河水量中青尼罗河占68％，白尼罗河山l0％，阿特巴拉河占22％；在枯水期，尼罗河水量中青尼罗柯下降为17％，白尼罗河上升到83％，而阿特巴拉河此时断流，无径流汇入。上述几条河流在尼罗河水量中所占比例的大小和变化，与各河流域的降水多寡、季节分配特点有密切关系。

[编辑本段]地貌

尼罗河流域南起东非高原，北抵地中海岸，东倚埃塞俄比亚高原，并沿红海向西北延伸，西邻刚果盆地、乍

得盆地并沿马腊山脉、大吉勒夫高原和利比亚沙漠向北延伸。 流域地貌可简单归结为以下三点：主要由结晶岩组成的东非高原和由熔岩构成的埃塞俄比亚高原分别踞于流域的南侧和东南侧；整个苏丹基本上是一个由南往北微缓倾斜的巨大构造盆地，尼罗河纵贯其间；喀土穆以下尼罗河东西两侧则为广阔的沙漠台地。 尼罗河最上游是卡盖拉河，它源于东非高原布隆迪境内，下游注入维多利亚湖。湖水经欧文瀑布流入基奥加湖，出湖后名维多利亚尼罗河，又经卡巴雷加瀑布流入阿伯特湖。湖水自北端流出，名阿伯特尼罗河。自尼木累以下名白尼罗河。白尼罗河顺东非高原侧坡北流，河谷深狭，多急滩瀑布。自博尔向北，白尼罗河流入平浅的沼泽盆地，水流缓慢，河中繁生大量以纸草为主的水生植物。白尼罗河向北流出盆地后，先后会合索巴特河、青尼罗河和阿特巴拉河，以下再无支流。白尼罗河两岸平坦，偶有基岩出露。白、青两尼罗河合流处的周围是吉齐拉平原。合流点以下的河段名尼罗河。尼罗河在喀士穆以北流经沉积岩区。河谷是平底的浅峡谷。瓦迪哈勒法附近的谷地宽仅201米，由此至阿斯旺一段的河谷都很狭窄。阿斯旺以下，河谷展宽，至纳贾哈马迪一带约16公里。河道傍近东岸，河谷平原多在河西。喀士穆至阿斯旺之间有6处瀑布，它们都是由于组成河谷东侧高原的基底结晶岩西延至谷中而造成的。两岸谷壁不对称，东壁高陡，西壁低缓。 河源至维多利亚湖出口的河源段具有明显的山地河流特征，维多利亚湖出口至尼穆莱，河床比降达1：1200，沿途有卡巴雷加瀑布。该河段流经地区除了维多利亚湖、基奥加湖等裂谷间的高原浅水湖泊，还有沿西支裂谷发育的蒙博托湖、爱德华湖和乔治湖等断层湖泊。 尼罗河流经广阔的苏丹粘土平原，地势平坦，比降极缓，马拉卡勒以上比降只有1：13900，沿途沼泽密布，河道分汊漫流。从马拉卡勒至喀土穆，河床比降更趋平缓，仅1：100000。 尼罗河下游河段可细分为，①喀土穆至阿斯旺的峡谷段，尼罗河切穿广袤的沙漠谷地，奔流而下，比降1：6000。由于结晶岩广泛出露，河床基岩软硬相间，形成著名的六大瀑布群；②阿斯旺至开罗段，穿越东、西部沙漠之间，河谷宽展而平坦，沿岸有狭长的河漫滩，比降为1；13000；③开罗以下的河口段，大致从开罗以下20km处开始，河流分汊注入地中海，形成巨大的尼罗河三角洲，面积达2．4万km2，冲积土层平均厚度在18m以上，地表平坦，河网纵横，渠道密布，沿海多泻湖和沙洲。

[编辑本段]气候

尼罗河流域跨纬度35，南北气候迥然不同，呈现明显的纬度地带性，同时非地带性因素(主要是地形)也在一定程度上影响气候带的分布。 位于流域东南部的埃塞俄比亚高原，由于地形隆起，气候出现垂直带谱，并具有干湿季分明的特点。夏季，北非和阿拉伯半岛上空属低压带，南印度洋吹来的东南信风越过赤道转为西南风，与来自

几内亚湾的湿热气流合并为强大的西南气流，沿高原迎风坡抬升，形成7—9月的“大雨期”。冬季，高原盛行来自西南亚大陆干燥的东北风，形成l0月至翌年2月的干季。3～4月，苏丹位于低压中心，从印度洋面吸引一股湿润气流，在高原大部分地区形成“大雨期”前的“小雨期”。高原年平均降雨量1000—2000mm，是尼罗河流域最重要的降雨中心。 流域南部，东非高原西北部不仅受来自几内亚湾湿润气流的影响，而且由于地处赤道湖区，太阳辐射强烈，对流旺盛，因此雨量充沛，年平均降雨量1200～1300mm，季节分配也较均匀：月平均降雨量最多不超过180～200mm，最少不低于50～60mm，没有明显的干季，相对湿度约为70％，这是尼罗河流域的另一个降雨中心。 由尼穆莱往北，雨季缩短，雨量递减，等雨线基本上呈纬向分布。苏丹南部雨季出现在4～10月，中北部则限于7～8月。喀土穆年雨量不足200mm，而栋古拉—开罗之间年雨量更在25mm以下，阿西尤特以南经常终年无雨。由于受地中海式气候的影响，自开罗起北至沿海，年雨量从25mm渐增至200mm，降雨多在冬季。

[编辑本段]水资源

尼罗河在阿斯旺的多年平均径流量为840亿m3，即尼罗河的总水量。由于尼罗河流经不同的自然带，水资源的分布亦呈现明显的纬度地带性。流域径流资源总的趋势是由南往北递减。同时，由于非地带性因素(地形)的影响，对水资源的纬向分布产生干扰，在流域内形成最主要的水源区一埃塞俄比亚高原和最大的耗水区一苏丹南部广大沼泽，从而改变了尼罗河流域水量平衡状况。在地带性和非地带性因素的综合作用下，尼罗河流域水资源的空间分布极不均衡，地域差异十分明显。 见尼罗河水系各流域径流资源表，表中列有7个径流区，其中4个是产水区，3个是失水区。 由于尼罗河干支流各流域自然水文特性和水资源状况互有异同，故根据水资源特征，结合气候、地形等因素，将整个尼罗河流域大致分为4个区域：

(1)东非高原全年丰水区

范围自河源至蒙加拉，面积46．6万km2，地处热带雨林、稀树草原，降雨比较丰富，是流域两大降雨中心之一。由于降雨季节分配比较均匀，加上有众多湖泊调节，径流变化较小，这一地区河床比降大，沿途多瀑布急流，有鲁苏木、欧文、卡巴雷加和富拉瀑布等。水能资源比较丰富，仅卡巴雷加瀑布潜在水能资源就达50亿kW·h。

(2)埃塞俄比亚高原季节丰水区

除了青尼罗河、阿特巴拉河流域外，本区还包括索巴特河上游地区，面积约46．9万km2。自然景观呈现垂直带谱、降雨丰沛，但季节分配很不均匀，绝大部分降雨集中在5～9月。干湿季节分明，河水陡涨陡落，形成明显的洪水期和枯水期。这一地区提供的水量占尼罗河干流年径流量的89％，是尼罗河流域的主要水源。 由于落差大、水量多，水能资源最为丰富。仅埃塞俄比亚境内青尼罗河流域水能蕴藏

量就达1720亿kW·h，经济上可开发的水能资源为380亿kW·h。

(3)苏丹中南部沼泽失水区

范围自蒙加拉至喀土穆，包括杰贝勒河、加扎勒河、索巴特中、下游以及白尼罗河等流域，面积达89．4万km2。自然景观从南往北由热带稀树草原过渡为半荒漠。年平均降雨量从946mm(蒙加拉)减至167mm(喀土穆)，本区比降极缓，沼泽广泛分布。蒸发消耗大，沼泽失水严重。

(4)尼罗河干流沙漠失水区

范围自喀土穆至河口(除阿特巴拉河流域外)，面积达105．1万km2，自然景观为热带沙漠，降雨稀少，蒸发强烈。这是一个径流上完全依赖上游补给的沙漠失水区。 在喀土穆至阿斯旺河段，河流下切很深，有六处瀑布，水能资源较为丰富。

[编辑本段]开发利用

尼罗河流域就全流域平均而言，是水资源短缺的地区。限于流域内各国经济发展水平，目前水资源的利用仍以农田灌溉为主，而且除埃及以外，水资源短缺问题尚不突出，但随着各国经济的发展，入民生活水平的提高，水源将严重不足，需要流域内各国加强合作，合理、充分开发尼罗河水资源。为了动态地反映水资源开发利用水平提高、范围扩大的全过程，下面按时间顺序，以利用河水的主要途径为标志划分5个阶段加以叙述。

公元前三四千年至19世纪20年代

这个时期的特点是主要发展引洪漫灌，也开始修建蓄水水库，采用自流引水和提水灌溉。 尼罗河水资源的开发利用始于沙漠失水区。在埃及，水文测量和河水开发利用至少已有5000年以上的历史，早在公元前3400年，埃及就掌握了尼罗河定期泛滥的规律，沿尼罗河谷地引洪漫灌，发展农业。随着时间的推移逐渐形成一种传统的灌溉方法一圩垸灌溉(Basin lrrigation)。每年汛期通过水渠将洪水引入面积不等的圩垸，水深1～2m，停留40～60天，淤积的泥沙成为一年一度的宝贵肥源。当河水位下降时，潴水流回尼罗河，即行播种小麦、豆类等作物。除引洪漫灌的方式，也修建过灌溉水库和采用提水灌溉的。据说，在公元前2700～2600年间，埃及曾在开罗东面30km的一条称为瓦迪加拉瓦的河上修建了一座叫埃

尔发拉的坝，以拦蓄山区的洪水。很早以前，埃及就出现了吊桶汲水灌溉，但是灌溉面积不大，而且冲积物含量很低，因而不能肥田。除埃及外，苏丹北部尼罗河沿岸也发展了类似的传统灌溉农业。

19世纪20年代至20世纪初

这个时期的特点是在继续引洪漫灌的同时，建闸壅水，引枯水灌溉，提高农田复种指数。 初具规模的常年灌溉始于1 9世纪20年代，1826年进行了尼罗河岸改善丁程并开挖了深渠系统，从而增加了灌溉面积。1843年埃及决定在尼罗河上建闸，以控制、抬高枯水位进行常年灌溉井宜泄洪水。1861年舀先在开罗以北23km罗塞塔和杜姆亚特支流上建成2座水闸，即三角洲(Delta)闸。这是尼罗河最早出现的大型壅水工程．标志着埃及的灌溉进入了一个新的时期。至20世纪初又陆续兴建了齐夫塔(Zi{ta)、阿西尤特(Assyut)、伊斯纳(1sna)等水闸，壅水工程的建成和使用，使埃及在枯水期获得灌溉用水，从此传统的圩垸灌溉开始向常年灌溉过渡。埃及的灌溉面积从1820年的126万hm2增至1907年的227万hm2，相应的复种指数也由1提高到1．43。

20世纪初至60年代

这个时期的特点是，修建年调节水库，调节年内径流，提高年径流利用程度，并开始河流的综合利用。 随着常年灌溉的扩大，复种指数的提高，复种作物需水量的不断增加，自然径流已不敷灌溉需要，于是进一步

在亚斯文的尼罗河景观

开发利用的目标就转向主要来自季节丰水区的大量汛期洪水。为了蓄洪济枯，1902年埃及在阿斯旺建成尼罗河上的第一座水坝一阿斯旺老坝，库容l0亿m3，灌溉面积16．8万hm2，这是尼罗河最早出现的现代化蓄水工程。老坝先后两次加高，1912年加高6m，库容增至25亿m3，新增灌溉面积8万hm2，1932～1933年第二次加高8m，库容达到50亿m3，坝高达到83m，增加灌溉面积。万hm2，目前灌溉面积有32．8hm2，左岸有一座水电站，该坝还设有通航船闸。1937年埃及又在苏丹境内喀土穆以南48km的白尼罗河上建成杰贝勒奥利亚(JebelAulia)水坝，库容35亿m3，枯水季节向埃及放水，灌溉面积33．7万hm2。 除了兴建上述水坝外，埃及还增建了纳贾哈马迪(NagHammadi)闸(1930年)和伊德费纳(Edfina)闸(1950年)，并对其它水闸进行加固、改造或重建。 这样，自阿斯旺老坝以下沿尼罗河谷至三角洲，埃及已具备完整的灌溉系统。伊斯纳闸左岸为阿司风渠，长125km，右岸为卡拉比亚渠，长225km。纳贾哈马迪闸以上则分东一西纳贾哈马迪渠。阿西尤特闸左岸有易卜拉希米亚渠，长317km，夏季流量30～80m3/s，洪水期达500—900m3/s，是世界上最大的灌渠之一。此外，另有优素福河从该渠引水至法尤姆绿洲。这些渠与尼罗河大致平行，灌溉尼罗河西岸的狭长地带。三角洲地区共有4条干渠，伊斯梅利亚渠、陶菲克渠、米努夫渠和布梅拉渠。其中伊斯梅利亚渠长123km，流量100m3／s，东接埃及苏伊士运河，除了用于灌溉还可通航。所有十渠又依次分出众多支渠，组成严密的灌溉网。1966年灌渠总长已达25500km。 灌渠每年2-12月放水，1月份停水进行岁修，灌溉方式为轮灌，轮灌期随作物而异。 此外，埃及对于排水也十分重视，1964年排水渠总长达22000km，其中暗管排水总长为12000km，捧水干支渠已初步形成系统。同时埃及还大力发展提水灌溉并控制自流灌溉。 苏丹的常年灌溉始于20世纪20年代。青、白尼罗河之间广大的杰济拉平原具备发展大面积自流灌溉农业的优越条件。]925年青尼罗河建成森纳尔(sennar)水坝，库容7．8亿m3，从此自流灌溉取代了机泵提水灌溉，植棉面积迅速扩大，1951—1952年森纳尔水坝加高扩建，库容增至9．3亿m3。1988—1959年杰济拉灌区面积已达42万hm2。 苏丹独立后又在杰济拉灌区(MainGezira)西酉开辟曼吉尔灌区(Mangil Extension)。自1957年起至1963年分五个阶段建成，总计发展灌溉面积25万hm2。为了满足新增灌区的农业用水，1960～1966年又在森纳尔水坝上游兴建规模更大的罗塞雷斯(Ro-seires)水坝，初期坝高57m．库容达20亿m3，后加高至68m，库容增至74亿m3，灌溉面积553hm2。 1964年苏丹还在阿特巴拉河建成哈什姆吉尔巴(KhashannGirBa)水坝，开辟新的自流灌区以安置因阿斯旺高坝蓄水而迁居的5万苏丹入。水库库容为13亿m3，可灌溉农田21万hm2，60年代第一阶段竣工，灌溉面积已达S万hm2。 上述自流灌区均具有配套的灌溉系统，水渠纵横，井然有序。如杰济拉主灌区和曼吉尔分灌区各有一条总干渠4m、流量168m3／s；曼吉尔总干渠宽50m、深4m、流量186m3／s。两条总干渠分别向若干条干渠(Major Canal)供水，每条干渠又向支渠(MinorCanal)输水，杰挤拉和曼吉尔两大灌区总面积超过80万hm2，由于管理严密、产量稳定、灌溉成本低，已成为非洲发展大面积自流灌溉农业的范例。 在这一段时期，尼罗河流域各国修建了一系列工程，虽然主要是为灌溉服务的，但一些工程也有一定的发电效益。 不过，在这一时期所建的水库均屑年内调节水库，为了防止泥沙淤积，一般采用排浑蓄清运用方式，只能蕾存当年洪水期的部分余水以补充翌年枯水期之不足，尽管如此，库内淤沙仍然逐年增加，蓄洪能力每况盒下，一旦遇到枯水年份上述水库就显得无能为力。 此外，在本阶段由于苏丹现代灌溉农业的兴起，影响到埃及夏季灌溉用水。为此，1929年埃及与英国签订了尼罗河水协议(Nile Water Agreement)，对苏丹杰济拉农场的用水量和森纳尔水库的蓄水时间作了严格限制，埃及占有480亿m3，苏丹可占有40亿m3(均以阿斯旺计算)的用水份额。这说明埃及、苏丹开始出现用水矛盾。 为充分开发利用尼罗河水资源，埃及和苏丹于1959年11月签定了新的尼罗河水协议。该协议承认埃及、苏丹的既得利益；同意在埃及兴建阿斯旺高坝，高坝每年净效益为220亿m3，埃及享有75亿m3，苏丹则获得145亿m3，这样埃及、苏丹两国的份额分别增至555亿m3和185亿m3；此外，两国还同意在苏丹兴建招泽分水工程从而增加尼罗河水量，费用和利益均由两国平分，并成立常设联合技术委员会监督执行。新的协议体现了开发利用尼罗河水资源所出现的国际协作。

20世纪60年代至70年代

这个时期的特点是，以修建阿斯旺高坝为标志，开始径流的多年调节，提高枯水年的用水保证率，河流的综合利用已初具规模。 前已述及，尼罗河水资源年际变化很大，有丰水年和枯水年之分，年径流量最多曾达1510亿m3，最少却只有420亿m3，相差悬殊，有的年份大量河水未经利用白白泄流入海，有的年份又远远不敷灌溉需要，解决上述矛盾的唯一办法是在尼罗河兴建多年调节水库，容蓄丰水年的多余水量以备枯水年所需。 尼罗河流域各国曾研究过“世纪蓄水计划”，计划在尼罗河上游干支流上修建一系列蓄水工程。该计划主要包括以下几项工程：①修建蒙博托湖多年调节水库，与维多利亚湖水库共同调节径流；②修建绕过苏德招泽地的琼莱渠以减少蒸发损失；③修建塔纳湖多年调节水库；④在阿特巴拉至瓦迪哈勒法之间的尼罗河干流上修建一座年调节水库(第四瀑布坝)。该计划与修建阿斯旺高坝方案进行过比较。由于前者规模太大，实现的时间长以及其它方面的原因没有采纳，而决定先修建阿斯旺高坝。

大坝子1960年1月9日开工，1967年大坝基本建成，1970年工程全部竣工。为了可以全年进行灌溉，人们于19世纪在尼罗河上修建了几座拦河坝。1970年阿斯旺水坝建成，1959年至1970年，耗时11年，耗资10亿美元，修建了举世闻名的阿斯旺高坝。阿斯旺高坝控制了尼罗河每年的洪水，保护了居民和农作物，还可以提供大量的电力。阿斯旺高坝位于埃及阿斯旺市附近。是一种填石坝。坝高111米，顶长3830米，体积4430万立方米，所形成的水库（纳赛尔水库）容量为1689亿立方米。水库建成后增加灌溉面积32万多公顷，并把28万公顷的洪泛区改造成常年灌溉区。埃及和苏丹协议将尼罗河水（年总量约740亿立方米）由两国分亨，其中555亿归埃及。为建水库，迁移了阿布辛拜勒古庙，人口迁移达14万。形成了新农业区。高坝给埃及带来了巨大利益。 阿斯旺高坝建在老坝上游7km处的萨德埃阿利河谷，在开罗以南800km。最大坝高lllm，水库总库容1689亿m3，有效库容900亿m3。水库回水长500km，在埃及境内长约300km，称为纳塞尔湖，在苏丹境内约200km，称为努比亚湖。水库平均宽度10km。水电站装机12台，总装机容量210万kW，年发电量100亿kW·h。高坝建成后有效地消除了尼罗河水位的季节性能落。除去100亿m3的平均蒸发、渗漏损失外，尼罗河每年可提供740亿m3的稳定水量为埃及、苏丹所用，比建坝前增加了220亿m3。 高坝给埃及带来的经济效益是多方面的，具体表现为：①保证了灌溉用水需要，可扩大耕地55万hm2，并使上埃及尚存的38万hm2耕地由圩垸灌溉变成常年灌溉。提高厂耕地夏种指数，使埃及农业增产25％，并在1 972～1973年、1980～1987年极枯水期挽救了农业。②控制洪水、消除水灾。大坝建成后，埃及已战胜了1964、1967、1975年3次大洪水。③高坝建成非洲大型水力发电站，为埃及提供廉价的电力，从而减少热电站的燃料消耗。④改善航运条件，使尼罗河(埃及段)货运量增至1000万t。③减少下游灌渠的清淤工作，节约疏浚费用。⑥纳赛尔湖发展为大型淡水渔场，渔获量逐年增加，渔业资源潜力很大。⑦阿斯旺地区旅游业得到发展，增加政府收入。⑧促进城镇繁荣、增加就业机会。 埃及利用高坝增加的尼罗河水份额制订了1960～1980年土地开垦计划。计划共12项，其中7项在下埃及三角洲周围和西奈半岛，另外5项在上埃及尼罗河谷地。总共计划扩大耕地52．5hm2，至1980年埃及利用新增的尼罗河水份额已开垦土地47万hm2。另外，从60年代起埃及通过扩建灌渠、兴建抽水站分两个阶段将上埃及尼罗河谷32万hm2耕地由季节灌溉改为常年灌溉。 但另一方面，高坝对生态环境和社会也产生了一系列不同程度的影响：①从库区内远迁和安置了13万入，移民投资占总投资的25％。②泥沙淤积库内，不但使下游失去一年一度的天然肥源，同时还引起下游河床刷深。③破坏三角洲北缘冲淤平衡，引起尼罗河三角洲的侵蚀后退。④下泄淡水减少，导致三角洲地区水质变化。梅水倒灌，尼罗河口外沙丁鱼严重减产。⑤常年灌溉面积扩大导致三角洲地区土壤次生盐碱化加剧、血吸虫发病率上升。 当然，高坝的兴建是出于埃及国民经济的需要，尽管总费用高达5．9亿埃镑，但每年的经济收益却超过2．3亿埃镑。高坝建成运行以来，累计收益早已超过投资和损失。全面加以衡量认为利大于弊、得多于失。 苏丹在这一时期继续致力于尼罗河水资源的开发利用。70年代仍优先发展灌溉、水电，增加对尼罗河水份额的使用。大型项目主要是兴建赖哈德和凯纳纳灌区。 赖哈德(Rahad)灌区位于杰济拉灌区东南赖哈德河岸，南北长160km、东西宽15—25km，总面积3160km2，可开垦27万hm2土地。该灌区利用赖哈德河的青尼罗河水，采取提水灌溉和自流灌溉相结合的方式进行灌溉。1973年在赖哈德筑坝蓄洪。由于该河为季节性河流，旱季河床干涸，水库蓄水不敷旱季灌溉需要，为此在青尼罗河畔的米拉兴建一座非洲最大的电泵站，抽取青尼罗河水，通过一条长84km，深2．5m的干渠送往灌区。此外该工程还包括修建10座大桥，108座中小桥梁，9座泄洪站以及52个灌溉闸门。 凯纳纳(Kenana)灌区位于喀土穆以南约300km。青、白尼罗河之间的广大热带灌丛草原，计划从罗塞雷斯水库开始沿青尼罗河西岸修筑运河，发展自流灌溉，开垦土地50万hm2。目前利用白尼罗河水进行提水灌溉。工程包括兴建四座大型水泵站，干渠29km，支渠279km以及配水建筑物500处。提水高程40m，干渠引水流量4.2立方米每秒。 地处季节丰水区上游的埃塞俄比亚则继续着手开发青尼罗河的水力资源。1973年在沃累加省青尼罗河支流建成芬恰(Finchaa)坝，装机容量10万kW，最大年发电量5．32亿kW·h。 此外，位于东非高原全年丰水区的坦桑尼亚1 978年在维多利亚湖南岸姆万扎地区建成尼卡卡达水电站，发电能力1．8万kW。 到目前为止，尼罗河流域已有大型水闸7座，大坝10座，水电装机容量290．1万kW，全流域灌溉面积454．8万hm2，其中尼罗河水所灌溉的耕地面积达446．8万hm2。

20世纪80年代至今后相当长的一段时间

这个时期的特点是：在继续修建多年调节水库的同时，采取增水、保水、省水等措施，提高水资源利用率，全面进行河流的综合利用。 (1)供需矛盾。随着尼罗河流域各国经济的发展，对于尼罗河水的需求在逐步增加，水源不足的矛盾日趋严重。 埃及地处沙漠失水区，尼罗河水对于埃及经济乃命脉所系。一个多世纪以来，埃及的耕地面积和种植面积不断扩大，但仍赶不上入口增长速度，以致入均耕地面积及种植面积反而逐年减少，并且这种趋势仍将继续。耕地缺乏、粮食不足是埃及亟待解决的头等大事；开发水源、扩大耕地一向是埃及的既定国策。目前，阿斯旺高坝为埃及提供的尼罗河水份额已不能满足经济进一步发展的需要，水资源的紧张程度日益加深。因此，保护和开发尼罗河水资源已成为埃及制订经济政策的重要因素之一。 苏丹自然条件优越，水土资源丰富。尼罗河流经苏丹国境约3300km，几乎为全长之半，差不多所有重要支流均在苏丹境内汇集，土地辽阔，可耕地面积达8400万hm2，已耕地不到1000万hm2，农业生产潜力很大。苏丹经济一向以农业为基础，重点是发展灌溉，增耕地。灌溉用水急剧增加，水资源供需矛盾也渐趋尖锐。扩大水源、增加尼罗河水份额亦大有必要。 埃塞俄比亚位于季节丰水区上游，本身却季节性缺水，按照气候条件，全国大部分地区一年四季均可种植作物，高原上普遍可以一年两熟，农业甚至可以一年三熟，但由于灌溉不发达，因此极少复种。有限的灌溉面积主要集中在阿瓦什河流域和厄立特里亚(现已独立)，尼罗河流域几乎空白。1978年埃塞俄比亚决定在阿特巴拉河、特克泽河和青尼罗河支流丁德尔河、伯莱斯河筑坝拦水，发展灌溉，以改变目前水土流失、旱季缺水的状况。过去未参加签订尼罗河水协议的埃塞俄比亚迫切要求分享尼罗河水，更加剧了水资源的紧张程度。 此外，位于东非高原全年丰水区的一些国家也纷纷拟订了开垦沼泽、发展灌溉的计划。如乌干达准备开垦基奥加湖南部沼泽种植水稻；肯尼亚打算开垦维多利亚湖附近的亚拉河沼泽；坦桑尼亚拟在维多利亚湖岸发展提水灌溉，扩大棉花、水稻种植面积，同时还与卢旺达、布隆迪、乌干达合作开发卡盖拉河沼泽，发展农业。 根据上述分析可知目前尼罗河水资源的供需矛盾将日趋尖锐，当初签订尼罗河水协议时仅涉及埃及、苏丹两国之间的用水分配问题，而现在尼罗河水资源不仅为多数流域国家所关注，甚至还为流域以外的国家所瞩目，大有供不应求之势。 (2)开源节流的主要措施。挖掘尼罗河水资源潜力的关键在于减少河水的蒸发损失，包括湖面、河面、水库面和沼泽的蒸发。比较可行的是减少沼泽的蒸发损耗，尤其是减少苏丹境内大面积沼泽的蒸发损失。 旨在减少杰贝勒河在苏德沼泽失水的琼莱(JongLei)运河计划几经修改后已开始付诸实施。该工程于1976年7月由法国国际建筑公司承包，采用巨型斗轮式挖掘机施工。以琼莱以南70km的博尔作为起点，运河全长350km，底宽46～52m，深4．5m，边坡l：2，总共挖掘土方8700万m3，引水能力830m3／s，相当于杰贝勒河在蒙加拉平均流量的四分之一。运河于1978年6月破土动工。除了开挖运河外，还在运河首尾分别建节制闸以控制进出水量。分水运河竣工后由于沼泽：地区蒸发失水减少，尼罗河在马拉卡勒的年径流量将啬47亿m3，相当于在阿斯旺每年净增水量38亿m3，由埃及、苏丹平分。 上述沼泽引水计划一旦实现，每年总共可增水 200亿m3，开发潜力较大。 “世纪蓄水计划”虽因让位于阿斯旺高坝工程而推迟实施，现在沼泽地区分水工程的实现实际上是“世纪蓄水计划”的启动，是进一步充分利用尼罗河水资源所必要的重大措施。 世纪蓄水工程由于能控制东非高原丰水区全年水量并进行多年调节，竣工后将为下游提供稳定可靠的自然径流，从而保证沼泽分水运河的充分利用；另一方面，只有充分利用沼泽分水运河，世纪蓄水工程才具有实际意义。 除沼泽之外，每年水库、湖泊的蒸发耗水量非常可观。一旦招泽地区潜力开发殆尽，可以预见下一个目标很可能是设法减少水库、湖泊的蒸发损耗以增加尼罗河水量。 除了上述措施外，其他措施还包括提高灌溉技术，节约用水，增加水的重复使用串等。例如，埃及迫于入口增长的巨大压力，必须继续扩大耕地，以使粮食增产。然而埃及本国境内的尼罗河水资源潜力几于已开发殆尽。对于如何解决国内用水问题已采取以下对策：一是积极扩大尼罗河水以外其它水资源的利用；二是提高灌水技术，节约用水，加强水资源的管理和保护，有效利用耕地，走精耕细作道路。在这方面已采取的措施有：改善排水系统，将露天排水改为暗管排水；提高河水重复使用率；发展提水灌溉、喷灌和滴灌。 (3)重视环境生态问题。随着入口增长、经济发展，流域各国对尼罗河水资源开发利用水平不断提高，人类活动对流域地理环境的影响和冲击愈来愈大，由此引起的牛态环境问题也愈来愈为人们所重视。这一点在开发利用历史最悠久、程度最深的埃及表现尤为突出。 一个多世纪以来，埃及常年灌溉面积不断扩大：由于渠道长期输水，灌水下渗，地下水位显著上升，从而导致三角洲地区上壤沼泽化和次生盐碱化，肥力下降，影响作物产量。这是开发利用尼罗河水资源引起农业牛态环境退化的事例，为此埃及采取了相应的整治措施：重视农田基本建设，加强田间排水，推广提水灌溉，控制农业用水。这些措施既节约了宝贵的灌溉用水，又在一定程度上抑制了土壤次生盐碱化的发展，使农业牛态环境得到保护。 阿斯旺高坝的建成运行给埃及带来厂巨大的经济效益，但工程对埃及的环境、社会也产生了一系列副作用，这充分说明兴建大型水利工程时不仅要考虑技术经济效果，同时还必须兼顾工程对环境产生的不利影响，对水利工程的环境影响事先作出正确的判断和评价，权衡利弊、防患未然，对于今后进一步开发尼罗河水资源来说至关重要。 苏丹琼莱运河同样存在上述问题，工程的经济效益非常明显，产生的环境影响也不容忽视。工程兴建后，使沼泽地区原来的水文情况发生了变化，对渔业、水生生物等具有长期影响，改变了沼泽地带的相对比例和面积，影响了当地部落的游牧生活。因此，规模宏大的运河工程在全部竣工前仍需对其环境、社会影响作出相应的评价，采取有效的整治措施，使运河兼具良好的技术经济和环境质量效果。 埃塞俄比亚林地面积小．森林覆盖率不高，降雨强度和河床比降都很大，加上过度砍伐，水土流失严重，因此今后在开发青尼罗河和阿特巴拉河流域，发展灌溉农业时必须重视水七保持，开发和整治都不可偏废。 (4)加强国际合作、统一规划、共同开发、合理分配水资源。尼罗河是一条国际性河流，随着流域各国用水量的增加，水资源的分配已逐渐成为一个国际政治问题。因此，流域各国应本着平等互利的原则，加强国际合作、共同合理地开发水资源。另外，尼罗河流域是一个涉及许多国家的地理单元，流域水资源的开发利用应有一个统一的规划。从总的发展趋势看，尽管矛盾和困难很多，但是流域各国已有经过协商合理分配水资源的先例，今后只要进一步加强协商合作，存在的矛盾可望得到解决。

[编辑本段]尼罗河水资源之争

近年来，随着尼罗河流域国家的人口增长和工农业发展，各国对水的需求与日俱增。而目前分配尼罗河水的依据仍然是几十年前的协议。1929年，在当时英国殖民者的提议下，9个尼罗河流域国家达成一项赋予埃及和苏丹对尼罗河水拥有优先使用权的协议，埃塞俄比亚没有加入这项协议。1959年，尼罗河流域国家对协议进行了部分修改，埃及每年享有555亿立方米的尼罗河水，而苏丹的份额为185亿立方米，其他国家认为协议不公。 曾被称为非洲“水塔”的埃塞俄比亚扼守着青尼罗河的源头，每年从埃塞境内注入尼罗河的水量占尼罗河总水量的86％，因此埃塞要求每年至少分得120亿立方米的河水。而埃及和苏丹不同意埃塞从上游截留河水，认为这将影响下游的生存。由于严重缺水，埃及前总统萨达特曾经说过：“埃及将对任何可能危及青尼罗河水流的行动作出强硬反应，哪怕诉诸战争。 ”

[编辑本段]尼罗河和古埃及

尼罗河流域是世界文明发祥地之一，这一地区的人民创造了灿烂的文化，在科学发展的历史长河中做出了杰出的贡献。突出的代表就是古埃及。提到古埃及的文化遗产，人们首先会想到尼罗河畔耸立的金字塔、尼罗河盛产的纸草、行驶在尼罗河上的古船和神秘莫测的木乃伊。它们标志着古埃及科学技术的高度，同时记载并发扬着数千年文明发展的历程。 纸草是种形状似芦苇的植物，盛产于尼罗河三角洲。茎呈三角形，高约五米，近根部直径六至八厘米。使用时先将纸草茎的外皮剥去，用小刀顺生长方向切割成长条，并横竖互放，用木槌击打，使草汁渗出，干燥后，这些长条就永久地粘在一起，最后用浮石擦亮，即可使用，成为当时最先进的书写载体—纸莎草纸，比我国蔡伦的纸还早一千多年，成为后世学者研究古埃及文明的重要文献 。但由于纸草不适宜折叠，不能做成书本，因此须将许多纸草片粘成长条，并于写字后卷成一卷，就成了卷轴。 埃及出土的一艘约公元前4700年的古船，船长近50米，设备完好，可见当初航海技术与规模。而较轻型的船则用芦苇捆绑而成。别小看这种芦苇船，现代人复制的芦苇船已经证明，这种船可以横渡大西洋。这些无疑为古埃及的社会繁荣与文明走向世界起到了至关重要的作用。 尼罗河还使当地人们产生了无与伦比的艺术想象力。坐落在东非干旱大地上那气势恢宏的神庙是多么粗犷，与旁边蜿蜒流淌的尼罗河形成强烈对比。古埃及很多艺术品都既具阳刚之气又不乏阴柔之美。 相传，女神伊兹斯与丈夫相亲相爱，一日，丈夫遇难身亡，伊兹斯悲痛欲绝，泪如泉涌，泪水落入尼罗河水中，致使河水猛涨，造成泛滥。每年到了6月17日或18日，埃及人都为此举行盛大欢庆活动，称为“落泪夜”。从这个神话故事中，我们不难看出人们对尼罗河深深的感情。 尼罗河——埃及的摇篮 稳定持久的尼罗河文明即古埃及文明,产生于约公元前3000年。埃及位于亚非大陆交界地区,在于苏美尔人的贸易交往中,深受激励,形成了富有自己特色的文明。 尼罗河流域与两河流域不同,它的西面是利比亚沙漠,东面是阿拉伯沙漠,南面是努比亚沙漠和飞流直泻的大瀑布,北面是三角洲地区没有港湾的海岸。在这些自然屏障的怀抱中,古埃及人可以安全地栖息,无须遭受蛮族入侵所带来的恐惧与苦难。 作为“尼罗河赠礼”的埃及,每年尼罗河水的泛滥,给河谷披上一层厚厚的淤泥,使河谷区土地极其肥沃, 庄稼可以一年三熟。据希腊多德记载：“那里的农夫只需等河水自行泛滥出来,流到田地上灌溉,灌溉后在退回河床,然后每个人把种子撒在自己的土地上,叫猪上去踏进这些种子,以后便只是等待收获了。 ”在古代埃及,农业始终是最主要的社会经济基础。在如此得天独厚的自然环境和自然条件下,使古埃及的历史比 较单纯。从约公元前332年,亚历山大大帝征服埃及为止,共经历了三十一个王朝。其间虽然经历过内部动 乱和短暂的外族入侵,但总的来说政治状况比较稳定。 古埃及的文字最初是一种单纯象形文字,经过长期的演变,形成了由字母、音符和词组组成的复合象形文字体系。今见古埃及及文字多刻于金字塔、方尖碑、庙宇墙壁和棺椁等一些神圣的地方。埃及盛产的一种植物—纸草,其茎干部切成薄的长条压平晒干,可以用作书写。这种纸草文书有少数流传至今。 字母的出现,约在公元前2500年至前1500年间。把声音变成字母这一巨大的进步,是古埃及人完成的。这些字母由埃及人传给地中海东岸(今叙利亚境内)的腓尼基人。作为亚洲文化和欧洲文化中介的腓尼基人,把这些字母演变成真正的音标文字,传到古希腊。这一字母系统,后经希腊人增补元音字母而进一步完备,形成希腊字母。希腊字母又经过一些改进后传遍四方。字母是古埃及人留给西方文明,乃至世界文明的重大文化遗产。 古埃及对天文学和数学所作出的贡献,足以和两河文明相媲美。他们创造了人类历史上最早的太阳历,把一年确定为365天。现在世界上通用的公历,其渊源来自于此。古埃及人很早就采用了十进制记数法,他们仍然没有“零”的概念。他们的算术主要是加减法,乘除法化成加减法做。埃及算术最具特色的是,已经初步掌握了分数的概念。在几何学方面,埃及人已知道圆面积的计算方法,但却没有圆周率的概念。他们还能计算矩形、三角形和梯形的面积,以及立方体、箱体和柱体的体积。 埃及的医学成就比美索不达米亚突出。埃及人制作的木乃伊(经过特殊处理的风干尸体),与他们的金字塔一样,举世闻名。制作木乃伊增长了埃及人的解剖知识,因而使他们的内外科相当发达。他们的医术分工很细,据说每个医生只治一种病。 古埃及人最重要的精神生活是宗教。关心死亡,为来世(特别是国王的来世)作好物质准备,是埃及宗教信仰的一个主要特征。古埃及的木乃伊和金字塔(坟墓),都与这种宗教信仰有关。埃及人崇拜太阳神,特别在法老政权强化以后,埃及兴起了崇拜太阳神的一神运动。太阳神拉(Ra),后来又叫阿蒙(Ammon)-拉。是埃及的最高神,法老(国王)则被视为太阳神的化身。因此,法老始终被认为是神王,没有神圣的法老与世俗的法老之区别。法老既然作为神王,其权力也就被神化,他的话就是法律,因而埃及也就没有什么严密的法律制度。国家对经济生活的绝对控制,也是埃及文明的显著特征。 金字塔是埃及建筑艺术的典型代表,也是在国家控制下的埃及劳工最著名的集体劳动成果。金字塔是法老的陵墓,底座呈四方形,越往上越狭窄,至于塔端成为尖顶,形似汉字的“金”字,故中文译为金字塔。在欧洲各国语言里,通常称之为“庇拉米斯”(如英文为pyramid),据说在古埃及文中,“庇拉米斯”是“高”的意思

夜游尼罗河

。 埃及境内现有金字塔七、八十座,最为人们所熟悉的是尼罗河下游西岸,吉萨一带的金字塔,此地离埃及首都开罗只有十多公里。其中最大的第四王朝法老胡夫(约公元前2590—公元前2568年在位)的金字塔,是古代世界七大奇观中唯一现存的古迹。 除金字塔之外,埃及的神庙、殿堂等建筑也颇为宏伟壮观。相形之下,埃及的人物雕像显得呆板冷漠,埃及的木乃伊文化令外人难以理解。总之,埃及文化的特点是神王合一,追求永恒,显得比较单一、稳定而保守。相对而言,埃及百姓的生活平庸而满足。与此相映的是,埃及工匠制造奢侈品的技术举世公认。埃及人最早发明了美容品,发展了制造美容品的技术。

[编辑本段]景点旅游提示

1、不建议乘

三桅帆船

坐三桅帆船进行长途游览，这种船船上没有厕所，饮食很成问题，若是条件允许，还是选择大船比较舒适。若在阿斯旺进行短期的尼罗河之旅，则以乘坐三桅杆帆船为宜。 短途用三桅帆船 2、尼罗河两岸的艾得夫神殿与康孟波神殿，在尼罗河上便可以观览全貌。 3、推荐夜游尼罗河。乘坐大型客船，自助餐饮、用餐环境舒适，有肚皮舞等特色娱乐活动。 夜游尼罗河大型船只

[编辑本段]关于最长的河流的争议

最长的河流：尼罗河，亚马孙河有争议。尼罗河长度为6695公里，是公认的世界第一长河，但最近，由巴西,秘鲁两国组成的科考队经过长途跋涉，发现亚马孙河新源头，这个源头使得亚马孙河长度达到了6800公里，成为第一长河，但引起了专家们的争议。

[编辑本段]尼罗河汽车坐垫

古老神秘的尼罗河给人们带来了生机与文明，“尼罗河”作为牧友的主打品牌，以其精细的做工，精美的设计，精益求精的工作态度，努力把“尼罗河”打造为中国的裘皮制

尼罗河全长毛皮形羊剪绒座垫

品第一品牌！ 中国裘皮行业，经过调整优化结构，在全国已初步形成了一批专业化分工明确、特色突出、对拉动当地经济起着举足轻重作用的裘皮生产特色区域和专业市场。它们的形成，奠定了中国裘皮行业发展的基础。 在这样的形势下，尼罗河人沿着“重管理、重营销、抓质量、创名牌”的发展战略，一直在努力，努力使“尼罗河”成为：服务第一、质量第一、设计第一的世界品牌。 2000年07月—————武陟牧友皮业有限公司成立 2001年08月—————武陟牧友皮业有限公司奠基仪式 2002年11月—————牧友皮业工业园区生产厂房投资建设 2003年06月—————牧友皮业武陟园区生产厂房开工生产 2004年01月—————牧友皮业有限公司工业园区二期厂房建设竣工 2005年08月—————牧友皮业武陟公司第二生产线建设投产 2005年08月—————牧友皮业武陟公司国际市场部建立 2005年12月—————牧友皮业武陟公司第二生产线开始运作 2006年02月—————牧友皮业企业视觉执行标准建立 2006年06月—————牧友皮业重点打造售后服务系统 2007年03月—————牧友皮业绿色环保生产线投入生产 2008年06月—————牧友皮业在经济危机中保持着高速增长 2009年07月—————牧友皮业第三生产线投入使用 2009年10月—————牧友皮业尼罗河专卖入驻淘宝网 2009年11月—————牧友皮业新厂区规划图敲定 2010年02月—————牧友皮业推出尼罗河保健养生垫

参考资料

1.

揭秘世界地理之最

http://www.zhenpm.cn/content.asp?id=220

扩展阅读：

1.揭秘世界地理之最 http://www.zhenpm.cn/content.asp?id=220

2.http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-03/19/content_1374474.htm

3.http://liondance-dragondance.org/c4.asp?d=18947

开放分类：地理，自然科学，非洲，河流，埃及

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]]> http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/the-nile/feed/ 0 studychineseschool http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/vegetarian/ http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/vegetarian/#comments Tue, 14 Sep 2010 02:53:02 +0000 studychineseschool http://studychineseschool.wordpress.com/?p=14822 ]]> [the] interpretations edit > < / h2 way: a vegetarian pinyin: ch ī su basic explanation and # 91, A vegetarian & # 93, Don't eat fish animal food as detailed explanation 1 & NBSP; Also made "vegetarian". 1. Don't eat meat food as animal. The buddhist discipline includes don't eat vegetarian WuHun "(" refers to the onion garlic contains five piquancy vegetables). The novel DiSiSi back: "I just from a vegetarian, and no harm." "Monkey" DiWuSi back: "poor sangha, but not drinking vegetarian." Lu xun's hesitation, lonely ":" because I was too, idle as adults, a gentleman is a vegetarian, watching talk zen buddhist." Of& NBSP; 2. Metaphor is not too bad; Easy. For negation. Such as: you should put the fist point, I know not a vegetarian. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] buddhist language > < / h2 monks from during the northern vegetarian, wudi (both (464-549) saurday advocate. Both history of a famous buddhist emperor and his superstition had three times, every time is from his funds by rituals; the officials in the temple to continue to be emperor. He was writing the wine of meat, strongly advocated monks fast wine. Because he is the emperor of his life, the monks as miserable and only. Since then, the monk after wudi (both don't eat meat, "monks, became vegetarians" han monks peculiar discipline. Since both from wudi (so far have 14 years of history. Indian Buddha (BC – 486 BC) before 565 founder of Buddhism, it is required in Buddhism, create monks had the simple life. Monks gather information on wealth accumulation can only rely on oneself, can nourish the door for a mendicant to maintain life. Therefore, the benefactor, monks would eat alms. Benefactor, he alms meat meat. Read the rules of Buddhism ten "in regulation:" I & NBSP; three net meat, three? How does not see, hear, don't doubt." As long as you see, no doubt, don't smell is killing, are not made while. This meat is clean may eat meat. "" = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] a healthy eating habits.

vegetarian food, meat and vegetables is not junk food. To be healthy “vegetarian” must also pay all kinds of food reasonable collocation. Nowadays, the Internet, information about thousands of vegetarian. From all over the world are introduced, the vegetarian web lifestyle concept, vegetarian vegetarian, and provide a savory vegetarian diet. While most numerous carnivorous animals “, “shame is many scientific authority, put forward the vegetarian health, beauty and nature, and environmental protection concept. Visible, the modern vegetarian popular nowadays is not only the most ways. The householder conversion In the folk, some fans have established spontaneously vegetarian. Vegetarian Vegetarian food lovers from all walks of life, and organize activities, to advocate vegetarian by more and more people to join the army of vegetarian. But, so far, no data display vegetarian and human health and longevity are inevitable. Instead, people as omnivorous animals, a lot of nutrition and trace elements are needed to provide meat meat, completely abandoned may bring health problems. Reasonable collocation diet is healthy = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] vegetarian VS vegetables > < / h2 vegan said: vegetarian is not vegetables. Grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts, fungi, bean products are vegetarian mention vegetarian, many people's first reaction is green, carrot and tofu. In fact, not only is green vegetables, carrot and bean curd these vegetables. Vegetarian restaurant explain: "vegetarian diet is excluded from animals in the composition is simply don't eat meat. And not to eat fish, don't eat vegetarian food, just animal food." is in vegetables. Besides vegetables, fruit and other vegetarian include plant-based foods. In a vegetarian species, we compare common (including the grain of rice, wheat, soy, etc) and nuts (including walnut, peanut, melon seeds, etc.) also belong to two branches of vegetarian. In fact, the grain crops, green vegetables, fruits, nuts, delicious edible, soy products… These are the source of the vegetarian. And we say normally "vegetarian", the implication is very extensive. Currently the internationally vegetarian species generally includes four. 1 milk vegetarian: edible dairy products, don't eat eggs, meat. 2 eggs can eat vegetarian food: not to eat eggs, and meat and dairy products. 3 eggs and milk and eggs are vegetarian food, milk, don't eat meat. 4 strictly vegetarian or vegan, eggs, milk and all relevant food includes animals and bird, honey is not to eat, eat plants. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] vegetarian vs a > < / h2 vegan said: a lack of concerned only with nutrients, and vegetarian. Because do not eat meat, so many people naturally also took vegetarian and "a". Indeed, it is hard to imagine a day and how to deal with vegetarian diet supplement chicken, duck, fish and meat is rich in protein and fat. "A vegetarian diet and the two disparate concepts among them, it is not possible to produce contact." Now Beijing university LuoHao association vegetarian for us to solve the most exciting exists in doubt. LuoHao said: "human survival needs 7 big nutrients, including protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, water and dietary fiber, lack of the seven kinds of nutrients, one is a vegetarian. While in chickens and ducks, can be found in animal food fish etc of nutrients can be found." For the most common case, many people think that must be added with meat protein and fat, actually through vegetarian can completely satisfy. Such as beans contains rich protein, and plant sex protein than animal protein better, more for human body to absorb. Vitamin B12 in plants obtain source: "the laver and sea alga, milk, cheese, dairy products. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] vegetarian VS nutrition > < / h2 vegan said: vegetarian, but must have nutrition science collocation have seen such a report, said the anhui medical university in jiuhua mountain temple in some more than 90 nuns findings, most people have different degree of malnutrition. Since the vegetarian diet contains animal food nutrients in long-term vegetarian, why would malnutrition nuns? LuoHao to reporters: "that can cause someone if vegetarianism, or malnutrition is physical decline, it is because he doesn't know." science and arrange meal Meat or, if not reasonable collocation anaesthetic, also can appear lack of a kind of vitamins, minerals, especially sweets, lack of nutrition cellulose. Vegetarians eat fruit and vegetables, and not merely as simple, should eat bean products, eat nuts. "Although not eat food, but also should be diversified, scientific and reasonable collocation." Grains, beans and vegetables, fruit, potato food, wait for a few kinds big amount of oil and seasonings, often should change the pattern. This is the reasonable collocation. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] vegetarian health > < / h2 VS vegan said: vegetarian, can let people live healthier vegetarian, the biggest advantage is that it's health, it is most people choose a vegetarian. WangYu is a strong advocate of vegetarian. For him, five years experience of vegetarian, but not long after the vegetarian felt body changes but enough. Benefit With a smile, he told reporters, he had high blood pressure and cholesterol, but since the vegetarian has dropped significantly after. The body of the gratifying change gave him a vegetarian power and perseverance. The reporter every vegetarian, almost all the benefits of vegetarian can speak. Even before the JiangChunSong vegetarian experience, half of the benefits of vegetarian mentioned body, but also an earful. In xiasha a human resource department work, because she had not rule the diet of chronic gastritis. The daily noon groggy state that she is not full of energy to work under pressure. But since a vegetarian, not only because of the stomach to never a hospital, even headaches uncomfortable feeling also gradually subsided. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] vegetarian VS disease > < / h2 vegan said: mainly plant-based foods dietary most effectively control and prevent diseases" animal protein can significantly increase cancer, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension and kidney… more shocking is: so the disease can be controlled through diet to adjust and treatment. This is the American tenured professor at Cornell university in dietary habits of dr Campbell and long-term health after the conclusion of the study. This is known as "world" nutritional Einstein is a strict vegetarian. In the decades after the investigation and study nutrition, Campbell have enough data to prove the animalistic food: with various diseases will lead to the meal, But in plant-based foods as the most healthy meals, and most can effectively control and prevent diseases. He when accepting a reporter to interview, once said that "the Chinese diet is exquisite, visible, food can heal. And I need to do now is to" edible 'point of view." Likewise, academician of Chinese academy of engineering, nutrition and food safety ChenJunShi experts in a television interview also ZhiDeYouSheng: from such as cardiovascular, cancer, chronic illnesses such as obesity, the only way is mainly used in plant-based foods dietary way. = “scale-up h2 [editor this segment] of five basic benefits > < / h2 1, eat healthy. Vegetarian so low content of saturated fat, can lower blood pressure and cholesterol. Germany had a study, only occasionally meat vegetarian, to have a heart attack probability is generally one third of the cancer, cancer is usually one half. But, still can have vegetarian diet. 2 and eat out beautiful. Using method is very effective to reduce weight vegetarian, can make the blood become vegetarian slightly alkaline, promote metabolism, thus accumulate fat and sugar to burn off, the purpose of natural diet. Often vegetarian systemic vibrant, zang-fu organ function, the skin appears tender and lively, smooth, rosy, vegetarian is kind of hairdressing method from the inside out. 3, a smart to eat. Vegetarian self feelings are often very relaxed, seem to also become more intelligent. It is not just that, the psychological suggestion, but have scientific basis. Brain cells alive because of nutrient mainly bran acid, vitamin B, followed by such grains, beans and vegetables are bran acid and vitamin B "diamond", from "diamond" three meals a day in absorbing energy, can strengthen people's wisdom and judgment, make the person is easier to relax and improve concentration. 4 and eat culture. Vegetarian, showing the nature of health and protecting the earth and return to natural ecological environment of cultural philosophy. A vegetarian, besides can get natural pure balanced nutrition, also can get rid of the excess to experience the hustle and bustle of city of desires and cheerful. 5 and eat out economic efficiency. Normally, vegetarian than vegetarians are much cheaper, less useful vegetarian meal "made". So, don't eat meat dishes as ", "big pay for my wallet, vegetarian burden.

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“vegetarian” in chinese-english dictionary (source: the explanation of baidu dictionary) : 1. To practise abstinence non-specifically old, To observe a vegetarian regimen, A vegetarian > < / dl]

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